Micro. Chap29

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Some symptoms of HIV disease: __________ rash, fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes.: Generalized
Some people with HIV develope symptoms of the ______ system that range from moodiness to seizure.: CNS
Symptoms constitute _________ ___________ ____________ (ARS). This subsides in ~6 weeks.: Acute retroviral syndrome
Acute illness followed by ___________ period. This may end with persistant enlargement of lymph nodes, this is termed ______________ syndrome (LAS).: Asymptomatic period
Lymphadenopathy
Immunodeficiency symptoms include fever, _________ ______, fatigue and diarrhea. This is referred to as ______-__________ complex (ARC).: Weight loss
AIDS-related complex
The causative agent of HIV is the __________ _____________ _______ type ____ (HIV-1).: Human immunodeficiency virus type-1
HIV-1 belongs to _______virus subgroup of _______virus family.: Lentivirus
Retrovirus
HIV-2 is similar in structure to HIV-1, but is _____________ distinct.: Antigenically
HIV-___ causes AIDS in parts of West Africa and India while HIV-___ causes AIDS in the US and most other parts of the world.: 2: West Africa and India
1: US and other parts of the world
HIV-___ does not exist within the US.: 2
HIV-2 transmission is _______ efficient than HIV-1 and the disease progresses ___________.: Less
Slower
HIV attacks many different kinds of cells, but the most critical are the ___________ _____ cells.: Helper T
Viral ______ attaches to CD4cell surface receptor on the T-cells.: gp120
Viral _______ induces membrane fusion by interacting with ___________ cell surface receptor (CCR).: gp41
chemokine
After entry, DNA copies of RNA genome are produced using ____________ ______________ viral enzyme. This DNA copy integrates and hides on host _____________.: Reverse transcriptase
Chromosome
In activated cells the virus leaves the cell genome and _______ the cell and in doing so releases other viruses to infect other cells.: Kills
Macrophages have ______ receptors. Infected macrophages are ___________ not not killed.: CD4
Impaired
HIV is highly _________, illustrated in the fact that they kill T-cells, but not all cells.: Specific
T cells allow immune ________ switching. Without this, only IgM is made, which results in death.: Class
Destruction of helper T cells can occur through ________ following HIV replication.: Lysis
Destruction of helper T cells can occur through attack by HIV-specific ______toxic CD8+ T _____________.: Cytotoxic
Lymphocytes
The CTL kills the HIV-infected ____ cell.: T
Antibodies bind to the gp120 and gp41 viral glycoproteins on infected T cells and mediate the ___________ of that cell.: Killing
_____________ is excelerated in HIV infections.: Apoptosis
Helper T cells can be destroyed by _________ of infected with uninfected cells.: Fusion
In nearly ____% of all cases, immune system slowly loses ground to the virus.: 80%
The disease is classified as AIDS when the CD4+ count falls to below ______ cells per microlitre.: 200
Atypical progression of disease occurs within ____%. This could either mean that the disease progresses to AIDS in a few months, or may be AIDS-free for 20 years.: 10%
List the three contributing factors of AIDS starting with most important:: 1. Indiscriminate sexual intercourse
2. Blood and blood products
3. Mother to infant (breat feeding carries particular risks)
HIV encodes ____________ that are recognized by cellular TF's. These TF's are active only during the __________ ____________.: Promotors
Immune response
In T cells, these TF's lead to the expression of not only the cells genome but HIV genome too (____________).: Replication
This expression of the HIV genome leads to the death of the T cells, thus the body has no _____________ immune response.: Adaptive
A hole in the T cell ____________ occurs leaving the person open to other infections.: Repertoire
True or False There is no approved vaccine for HIV and most people infected are unaware.: True
Viruses on surfaces can be killed with ___________ and heat at 56C for more than 30 minutes.: Disinfectant
What is the greatest tool for the control of HIV?: Knowledge of transmission
Treatment is directed at "__________" of drugs. Combinations of reverse ___________ inhibitors and ____________ inhibitors. This therapy is called HAART, this stands for:: Cocktail
Transcriptase
Protease
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Reverse transcriptase ____________ fall into two categories: Nucleoside _________ ____________ ___________ and Non-__________ reverse transcriptase inhibitors.: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and
Non-nucleoside RTI
There are 6 __________ ___________ that act late in HIV replicationto prevent packaging of viral proteins. Since this stops RNA-->DNA, it only works in cells that are actively ____________.: Protease Inhibitors
Replicating virus.
HAART does not cure AIDS! Many strains will fail to respond due to _____________.: Resistance
In theory, the vaccine could be used in two ways: 1. __________ vaccine (immunize unaffected individuals with the vaccine) 2. __________ vaccine (Boost immnity of those already infected): 1. Prevention vaccine
2. Therapeutic vaccine
Successful vaccine must produce _________ and blood stream immunity and get around HIV ____________ and stimulate cellular and humoral immunity.: Mucosal
Variability
Vaccine should induce __________ _____________ against free virions and prevent direct spread of HIV from cell to cell.: Neutralizing antibodies
____________ _________ causes unusual tumors arising from blood or lymphatic vessels in multiple locations.: Kaposi's Sarcoma
Karposi's Sarcoma is an AIDS defining condition. It is caused by the human _____________-8.: Herpesvirus
Human herpesvirus-8 infects ___________ cells that line blood and lymphatic vessels. It persists mostly in it's _________ form.: Endothelial
Latent
Presence of herpesvirus-8 causes two main changes that result in tumor formation:: 1. Cells assume spindle shape and proliferate
2. Extensive formation of new blood vessels occur.
B-cell lymphomas are 60-_____ times more common in AIDS patients.: 60-100
Lymph node enlargement reflects proliferation of lymphoid cells in response to high level of unregulated ___________ ___________.: Cytokine release
___________ rarely occur in the brain except with AIDS patients (b/c the blood brain barrier doesn't work right).: Lymphomas
______________ is a common fungus that does not affect immnocompetent people.: Pneumocytosis
Pneumocytosis begins gradually with slowly increasing shortness of breath and rapid breathing. Fever is slight or absent and ___% have a non-productive cough.: 50%
Why are the skin and mucous membranes dusky in patients with Pneumocytosis?: Poor oxygenation of blood.
The causative agent of Pneumocytosis is Pneumocystis __________, which is a tiny fungus belonging to the phylum ___________.: carin
Ascomycota
Pneumocystis carin has a unique ______ ______, making it difficult to treat with antifungal meds.: Cell wall
__________ are inhaled into the lungs and attach to the _________ walls which become thickened and scarred. This interferes with free passage of O2.: Spores
Alveolar
Pneumocytosis is very common in dogs and cats. Serological tests show that most kids get infected by age ______. The infection is _____________ and is eliminated within a year.: 2 1/2
Asymptomatic
Source of transmission in humans is unknown. Most cases of Pneumocytosis occur in _______________.: Immunocompromised
Epidemics in nursing homes and among hospitalized malnourished infants suggests ____________ transmission.: Airborne
Pneumocytosis occurs in ___/___'s of AIDS pateients and was once their leading cause of death.: 4/5
Pneumocytosis is largely preventable with regular doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TxS) which takes mortality from near 100% to _____%.: 30
After treatment, patient must recieve __________ medication indefinatly until CD4+ T cells rise above 200 cells per microlitre.: Preventative
Toxoplasmosis, HSV 1 and 2, Cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avis are all _____________ infections of AIDS.: Opportunistic

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