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Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis Viruses: - must replicate in mosquito gut then move to salivary glad prior to transmissions
- peak is mid to late summer
- no human to human spread - human viremias insufficient to let humans be the reservoir
- Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae and the Flaviviridae family
HAV: Picornavirus
Naked
Accute
Fulminant
Measles Clinical features: - respiratory exposure
- 10-14 day incubation
- then 'ratcheting' high fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis
- rash first on head and neck
- unique red lesions (Koplik's spots) with white centers, appear on buccal mucosa
Pox: dsDNA
Complex neurocapsid
Envelope
D Replication
Smallpox, molluscum
upper respiratory tract infections: - common cold viruses (adenoviruses, non-SARS coronaviruses and rhinoviruses)
- replicate in epi surface of nasal mucosa
- primarily in columnar and ciliated epi cells
VZV Clinical Features: - 1o, varicella or chickenpox â€“ systemic / disseminated viral disease
- reactivated, zoster or shingles - localized viral disease w/ neuronal spread to an affected dermatome
Zoonosis: - spread from animals to humans (dead end host, we are not reservoirs)
- more than 50% of the viruses known to infect man are zoonotic
- spread by vertebrates by biting, contaminated excreta
- also spread by invertebrates, like mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies
Alphaviruses Types: - *Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)*
- Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
- Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
Emerging Zoonotic Viruses: - most established for years in small, isolated animal populations
- Viral changes - reassortment (influenza), recombination (WEE virus), point mutation (chicken influenza)
- travel (smallpox, syphilis, dengue), or behavior (STDs)
- Vector changes - mosquitoes change range (yellow fever), birds migrate (West Nile virus)
- Environment â€“ irrigation (Rift Valley Fever), agriculture (Argentine HF), natural climate changes
HBV: Hepadnavirus
Envelope
Accute to Chronic
Fulminant
Herpes: dsDNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
Envelope
D Replication
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, Roseola (HHV-6, 7)
lower respiratory tract infections: - paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus
- myxoviruses (influenza)
- SARS - coronavirus
- primarily cuase bronchitis, acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), bronchiolitis and pneumonia
Measles Complications: - encephalomyelitis
- 1o measles or giant-cell pneumonia in immunodef
- 2o bacterial pneumonia
- keratoconjunctivitis in kids with nutritional deficiencies
- subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - rare, follows 7-10 years after 1o
VZV Chickenpox: - mild febrile illness, disseminated vesicular rash of clear blisters w/ irregular red margin â€“ resolved in a few wks
- macules -> papules -> vesicles -> pustules -> scabs
- headache and malaise -> pruritic rash -> fever
- Complications are 2o infections of lesions, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, pneumonia if immunocomp (in adults form fusion cell to cell spread, Reyeâ€™s syndrome
Adeno: dsDNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
D Replication
atypical measles: - in persons who received killed measles vaccine during 1963-1967 then got infected
- atypical rash (no Koplik's), and serious pneumonitis
Flaviviruses Types: - *St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)*
- Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE)
- West Nile virus
- Dengue virus
HCV: Flavivirus
Envelope
Accute to Chronic
Fulminant
The Common Cold: - acute resp illness - mild and self-limited
- inflam of the MMs of the nasopharynx (catarrh)
- watery nasal discharge (which may contain sloughed columnar epithelial cells)
- no fever
- from rhinoviruses (100+ antigenic types) or coronaviruses (2)
VZV Shingles: - reactivation of latent VZV
- like chicken pox, but larger lesions on the dermatome innervated by infected sensory nerve
- may be very painful
- usually if immunosuppresed (so odds increase w/ age)
- complication is post-herpetic neuralgia - hypersensitive to touch and T
Zoonotic Viruses Pathogenesis: virus enters the body and replicates locally -> transient viremia -> infection of RES -> secondary viremia -> prodromal symptoms of fever, chills, headache, muscle ache, malaise -> after incubation period (2-14 days), other organs can infect -> more serious disease may occur
Alphavirus Structure and Replication: - Togaviridae family
- (+) sense ssRNA
- Icosahedral nucleocapsid w/ 1 capsid protein w/ envelope (M and E)
- Replication in cytoplasm with budding at PM
HDV: Deltavirus
Envelope
Accute to Chronic
Fulminant
Measels Virus properties: - pleomorphic morbillivirus
- one molecule of (-) ssRNA
- a viral-encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase
- a helical nucleocapsid
- a lipoprotein envelope (know more about spikes)
papova: dsDNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
D Replication
HPV
Pharyngitis: - acute inflammatory of pharynx
- sore and scratchy throat
- edema and hyperemia of tonsils and pharyngeal MMs
- from rhinoviruses usually
VZV Properties of the Virus: - like herpes virus
- enveloped - so easily inactivated
- rapid replication and ease of transmission so hard to exploit
Zoonotic Viruses Clinical Features: - Inapparent infection is most common
- Fever, chills, headache, back pain, muscle and joint pain, with or without a rash
appearing on the third or fourth day
- if rash, slow convalescence (1o dengue fever, Colorado tick fever) and possibly hemorrhagic fever w/ blotches and orifice bleeding
- may die from hypotensive shock (Dengue hemorrhagic fever/ Dengue shock syndrome, Ebola virus)
- kidney targeted in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
- liver targeted in yellow fever
- if acute respiratory syndrome w/ edema (SARS and Hanta pulmonary syndrome)
- if encephalitis (EEE, WEE West Nile, SLE)
Alphavirus Epi: - wild birds resivour - mosquito persistently infected
- along eastern seaboard
- only a few cases a year, only 2% is Ab + in epidemics
- Aedes albopictus, â€œAsian tiger mosquitoâ€, is new - might let virus be a bigger problem, since it can feeds on birds and humans
- human-to-human in aerosol in lab
HEV: Calicivirus
Naked
Accute
Fulminant
Laryngitis: - inflam of larynx MMs
- w/ common cold and influenza
- lowering of the normal pitch, hoarseness, aphonia
- from influenza, sometimes rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and parainfluenza viruses
Measels Viral Spikes: - one with hemagglutinating (H glycoprotein) activity
- one with cell-fusing (F glycoprotein) activity - F displayed on infected cell
- Morbilliviruses have no neuraminidase activity on spikes and induce BOTH nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
- F is inactive precursor (Fo) cleaved by host in Golgi
- envelope must fuse to host (via F) for infection, spread and multinucleate formation
Pathogenesis of Primary Varicella-Zoster Infection: - non-specific binding in the nasopharynx
- initial replication in resp epi -> LNs -> viremia to liver and spleen
- 2o viremia mediated by PBMCs - transports cutaneous epi and resp mucosal sites (to spread)
- w/ hematogenous and neural spread -> latent state in the sensory nerve ganglia
- asymptomatically shed throughout the hostâ€™s life
Polyoma: dsDNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
D Replication
JC, BK
Zoonotic Viruses Diagnosis: - difficult initially - easier as specific organs are targeted
- take a complete history - travel, pets, hobbies or jobs that might expose the Pt to animals or insects
- Serology, PCR
Alphavirus Clinical Features: - Most subclinical
- febrile illness, may lead to encephalitis (50-75% fatal)
- 20-12 day febrile illness, then fever, stiff neck, loss of consciousness - may go to seizures, coma and death or it may resolve
HGV etc: Flavivirus
Envelope
Chronic
? if fulminant
Laryngotracheobronchitis: - croup
- acute, involving the larynx, trachea and bronchi
- kids under four
- high fever and blockage of the larynx and perhaps bronchi
- dyspnea and creaking notes
- typically due to one of the parainfluenza viruses
Measels Pathogenesis: - inhalation to RT mucosa â‡’
regional LNs â‡’ primary viremia
- RE system â‡’ 2o viremia â‡’
lymphoid cells â‡’ lesions
- rash from CMI response
- infections probably involve CNS (usually asymptomatic) and
growth curve is arrested
Parvo: ssDNA (+/-)
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
D
B19
VZV Epidemiology and Transmission: - universal childhood infection
- spread by droplet - shed prior to symptoms
- both are non-seasonal and non-epidemic
- maternal protection for first six months
- immunity primarily cell-mediated
- 1o disease confers lifetime immunity to 1o, but shingles may develop due if immunocomp (age) â€“ then protected from shingles
Zoonotic Viruses Epidemiology of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: - Vectors are rodents (Lassa fever, Hantavirus with renal syndrome, Argentine HF, Bolivian HF)
- Arthropods (Yellow fever, dengue, Rift Valley fever)
- Ebola and Marburg viruses have unknown vectors
- Human to human spread in Ebola, Marburg and Lassa fevers
Alphavirus Pathogensis: - moves from the blood â‡’ endothelial cells â‡’ nerve cells
- symptoms from viral action on nerve cells host imfla
- EEE is cytolytic - apoptosis of infected cells - IFNs important
bronchitis: - inflam of tree
- ass. w/ generalized resp infection
- hyperemic and edematous MM â‡’ increased bronchial secretions
- cough to clear them
- destruction of epi
- accompanys a variety
HAV structure: - same as poliovirus (but does NOT inactivate host cell
protein that associates with capped mRNAs)
- Non-enveloped, icosahedral
- 60 capsomers ( w/ VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4)
Hepadna: pdsDNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
Envelope
RT Replication
HBV
Measels Immunity: - only one serotype
- natural infection produces lifelong permanent immunity
- neutralizing Ab directed at H
- can cross placenta (6 mos)
- agammaglobulinemics demonstrate a normal disease course
- cell-mediated immunodef â‡’ persistent infection
- concomitant depression of CMI to a wide variety of non-measles antigens
VZV Diagnosis: - based on presentation and contact history
- fluorescent Ab of lesions
- culture provides the definitive diagnosis
Zoonotic Viruses Treatment and Control of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: - supportive â€“ restore physiology and nutrition
- Ribavirin for arenaviruses (Lassa fever, Argentine and Bolivian HF) and bunyaviruses (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)
- Vaccines available for yellow fever and Rift Valley fever
- Dengue vaccine most needed and most problematic â€“ must get all 4 strains or it will increase your likelihood
Alphavirus Treatment and Diagnosis: - recovery due to development of Ab to envelope glycoproteins
- diagnosed by presentation or w/ serological tests like IgM ELISA
- No vaccine or treatment
Bronchiolitis: - acute inflam and necrosis of the bronchiole epi
- before the age 2
- acute onset of wheezing and hyperaeration, tachypnea and resp distress
- from resp syncitial virus
HAV genome: - + sense, ssRNA that functions as mRNA
- translated as one ORF into polyprotein then processed by viral-coded proteases
Measels Epi: - very contagious from aerosolized droplets (sneeze)
- survives in droplets for hours
- infected can spread 4 days before rash to 4 days after
- hight mortality from lack of adequate nutrition and health care, its immunosuppressive
- no animal reservoir
- rapidly â€œburns itself outâ€ in isolated rural areas
Pulmonary Zoonotic Viruses Epidemiology: - Sin Nombre (Hantaan virus) gets mice in Americas w/ no apparent ill effects - shed in urine and stool, transmitted to humans via aerosol
- SARS coronavirus from palm civet cats (probably)
- both spread via human to human
Retro: ss+RNA
Incosahedral/Helical neurocapsid
Envelope
RT Replication
HIV, HTLV-1
VZV Prevention and Treatment: - kids over 1 yr get one attenuated vaccine
- Acyclovir (or penciclovir) may terminate the viremia, reduce shedding, lessen severity
- Zoster immune globulin given to exposed non-immunes
Cytomegalovirus Clinical Features: Presents differently among
- normal
- fetuses
- immunosuppressed
Flaviviruses Structure and Replication: - Flaviviridae family, like HCV - can cause yellow fever
- (+) sense ssRNA
- Icosahedral nucleocapsid w/ 1 capsid protein w/ envelope (M and E)
- Replication in cytoplasm with budding at internal membranes
HAV translation: - NTRs at the 5â€™ and 3â€™ ends.
- 5â€™ end not capped
- ribosomes enter at IRES in 5â€™ then a Viral protein VPg covalently linked at 5â€™ and does RNA replication, and packaging, uncoating and penetration
Measels Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms
Picorna: ss+RNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
R Replication
HAV, Polio, Coxsackie, ECHO, Rhinovirus
Pneumonia: - inflammation of the lungs
- 6th death cause
- destruction of ciliated epi
- diffuse congestion of alveoli w/ erythrocytes - fluid may be seen
- from RSV and parainfluenza viruses in children
- influenza viruses in adults
Pulmonary Zoonotic Viruses Treatment and Control: - Rodent control, exposure control
- No drugs
Adenoviruses Structure and Replication: - naked icosahedral particles
- linear dsDNA
- several dozen serotypes, divided into subgroups (A-F)
based on antigenicity RBC agglutinatation ability
Alphaviruses Immunity: - Protective humoral immunity directed to envelope proteins
- CTLs do inflam response
Calici: ss+RNA
Incosahedral neurocapsid
No Envelope
R Replication
HEV, Norwalk
Cytomegalovirus Immunocompetent: - 1o unremarkable, usually in childhood
- most adults seropositive
- in (-) adults, 1o from children shedding in urine, saliva and feces
- adult 1o -> mild pharyngitis or EBV-like mono
- after 1o, symptoms cease; viral shedding falls but may recur
Encephalitis Zoonotic Viruses Epidemiology: - EEE, WEE, SLE, West Nile
- Mosquito vectors, so usually seasonal
- we are dead end host
- Migratory birds play an important role
HAV-infected hepatocyte: - translation of host mRNAs by usual cap-dependent process
- translation of viral mRNAs by CAP-independent process via IRES in 5â€™ NTR
- not cytolytic
- replication doesn't overstress the hepatocyte
- IRES not efficient at loading host ribosomes
Measels Treatment: - no therapy
- A two day course of vitamin A reduces severity in kids
- prevent w/ attenuated vaccine (MMR)
Adenoviruses pathogenesis: - genes E1A and E1B mediate transformation by deregulating cell cycle control by interacting w/ pRB gene
- not linked to human cancers
- can maintain a long-term ass. w/ host by persisting in lymphocytes for years
- discovered accidentally in cultured uninfected adenoidal tissue, from absence of immune surveillanc
Astro: ss+RNA
Icoashedreal Nucleocapsid
No Enveolpe
R replication
Cytomegalovirus Congenital Infection: - if infected for the first time in pregnancy, may transmit to fetus
- in 1st trimester -> severe birth defects
- if later, congenital abnormalities
- (+) women w/ recurrent infection rarely transmit it
- Affected babies may appear normal, but have progressive damage to NS, esp hearing - very common
Encephalitis Zoonotic Viruses Treatment and Control: - Rodent control, exposure control
- Supportive care
- immune serum might help
- no drugs or vaccine
Flaviviruses Immunity: - Protective humoral immunity directed to envelope proteins
- CTLs do inflam response
HAV Diagnosis: - serology for anti-HAV specific IgM
- detection of an immune response at same time as onset of clinical symptoms implies immunopathogenesis
Measels Vaccine: - give first dose at a min of of 12 months
- give second dose at least 12 months later; usually 4-6 yrs
- window of susceptibility
- more than >90% covered
Adenoviruses clinical features: - can infect and replicate in RT, eye, GI, bladder, liver
- 5-10% of acute RI in kids
- also causes ARD, a syndrome from fatigue and crowding among young military recruits
Cytomegalovirus Immunosuppressed: - may develop severe disease after infection
- interstitial pneumonia, retinitis, enteritis and disseminated disease
- a high % of AIDS patients shed
- ½ have infection at somepoint
- primary post-transplant infection, esp bone marow
HAV pathogenesis: - likely a GI site for primary replication â‡’ liver by viremia
- hepatocytes probably damaged by cytotoxic T and leads to release of virus into blood,
- no chronic carrier state, lifelong immunity
- no progression to carcinoma
Mumps Clinical Features: - 18 day incubation
- viremic spread to parotid and presents as swollen salivary glands
- 1/3 infections subclinical
- can involve the epithelial cells of organs
Rabies Pathogenesis: - saliva of infected animal
- multiplies in striated muscle and CT (days -> months)
- reaches nerve endings _> passively spread in axoplasm to spinal ganglia and replicates -> faster pace to the spinal cord -> brain -> salivary glands via efferent nerves
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Clinical Features: - most prevalent arthropod encephalitis viruses in US
- most subclinical
- may begin w/ fever, malaise, headache -> encephalitis, meningitis, & febrile headache
- ESPbad for the elderly due to pre-existing conditions
Toga: ss+RNA
Icoashedreal Nucleocapsid
Enveolpe
R replication
WEE, VEE, EEE, Rubella(sphere nucleocap)
Adenoviruses Epi: - worldwide
- sporadic to epidemic
- mostly fecal/oral in kids, but can occur via the resp route
Cytomegalovirus Properties of the Virus: - like herpes (HHV-5)
- largest herpesviruses genome
- it has a restricted host range
- it is sensitive to heat, low pH, lipid solvents (envelope)
Flavi: ss+RNA
Icoashedreal Nucleocapsid
Enveolpe
R replication
HCV, SLE, Dengue, Yellow fever, West Nile
HAV immune response: - humoral IgM - later supplanted by IgG
- CMI responds with cytotoxic lymphocytes
- clinical symptoms after viral shedding stops - serum ALT, AST rise
- all infected cells cleared from liver and replaced by new
- resolution â‡’ recovery â‡’ immunity
- in young, asymptomatic â‡’ response of less mature CMI??
Mumps Complications: - orchitis in 25% of males, worse and more common if post-puberty -> sterility
- aseptic meningitis in up to 50%, usually subclinical
Rabies Clinical Features: - 2-8 wk incubation depending on amt of inoculum, virulence, proximity to neural tissue (head and neck wounds the worst)
- 2-4 day prodromal period
- 1st fever, headache, malaise, sensations at the wound site
- then increased irritability, anxiety, depression, sensitivity to sound and light
- difficulty swallowing
- generalized encephalitis develops and is always fatal
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Epi: - mosquitoes winter reservoirs in winter, transmission begins in spring w/ birds as host
- human disease peaks from July - Sept - 50/year
- 5-15 year outbreak cycles
Adenoviruses Treatment: - vaccines to prevent disease by certain adenovirus types
- vaccination -> asymptomatic virus replication in GI
- not for civilians - concerns for spread of non-attenuated virus and oncogenic potential
Corona: ss+RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
SARS, non-sars
Cytomegalovirus Pathogenesis and Immunity: - outcome determined by host immunity
- 1o in salivary gland epi -> asymptomatic viremia and shedding
HAV epi: - humans only reservoir
- hard to control since virus sheds in feces for two weeks before symptoms
- most mild or asymptomatic
- stable in the environment
- spread person to person via fecal-oral spread during sex, esp anal sex
- problem day care centers
- fecal contam of source, esp water w/ shellfish
- in food if poor hygene or uncooked fruits or gebbies
Mumps Viral Properties: - pleomorphic paramyxovirus
- transcription, replication and assembly in cytoplasm like the measles virus
- envelope has 2 spikes
- one with H and N activities, the other w/ F activity
Rabies Epidemiology: - in resource-poor nations, mainly from domesticated animals (dogs)
- in developed countries from wild animals (vaccination)
- 74% in US from bats
- rapidly increasing epidemic in SE US in raccoons and foxes
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Diagnosis: - consider if encephalitis, meningitis or febrile headache in July - September, esp old
- PCR of blood, CSF or tissue
- IgM in serum or CSF by ELISA
- Ab testing of paired sera
- immunofluorp for SLE Ag in cells of urine sediment or CSF
Cytomegalovirus Epidemiology and Transmission: - ubiquitous, more in urbar areas
- humans only reservoir
- in all body fluids, close contact transmits
- (+) can shed for years
- sources are daycare kids, immunocomp shedding more, (+) moms milk
HAV treatment: - practice proper hygiene
- Vaccine, need 2-3 doses of killed - recommended for travelers - required for some school entry, given to children at â‰¥ age 2
- no drugs available
- used to give immune serum globulin to prevent effects, but now pooled gamma globulin is becoming low in anti-HAV
Mumps Pathogenesis: - replicates in URT, then to LNs â‡’ viremia
- replicates in the epi cells of various organs (parotid)
- cell lysis then multi nucleated giant cells (cell fusion)
Rabies Diagnosis: - definitive diagnosis from post-mortem examination of the animal
- neck biopsy can be used in symptomatic humans
- darkly-staining viral nucleocapsids (Negri bodies) in cytoplasm of CNS cells
Rhabdo: ss-RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Rabies
Rhinovirus Structure and replication: - (+) polarity ssRNA
- naked icosahedral capsid
- capsid from copies of 4 proteins, like picornavirus
- 30-40% of winter colds
- replication T sensitive at 37° - limits to URT
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Treatment: - no vaccine, treatment limited to supportive therapy
- reduce of vector populations
- hard to do since expansion of mosquito habitat, insecticide resistance, new vectors species
Coronavirus: - (+) polarity ssRNA
- helical nucleocapsid w/ envelope containing 3 or 4 glycoproteins in spikes
- pleomorphic shape
- 20-30% of winter colds
Cytomegalovirus Diagnosis: - subclinical in most - misdiagnosed as EBV.
- likely the cause of mono if EBV negative
- found in WBCs by immunofluorescence.
- shell vial assay detects w/in within 24 hours.
- in immunocomp - serology for IgM and IgG
- in congenital - infantâ€™s urine and saliva
- in immunosup - culture a biopsy
HEV structure: - + sense ssRNA; three ORFs - one translated as a polyprotein processed by a viral protease
- classified as a calicivirus (general similarity to HAV)
Mumps Immune response: - only one serotype
- immunity lifelong
- neutralizing Abs directed at the HN envelope protein
- Ab in saliva signals the end of virus excretion
- can cross placenta
Paramyxo: ss-RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Mumps, Measles, RSV, parainfluenza
Rabies Prevention and Treatment: - vaccination of domestic animals
- wound site immediately cleaned to and injected w/ human rabies hyperimmune globulin to neutralize slow growing virus
- attempt to develop active immunity in the exposed person with a vaccine
West Nile Virus: - severe meningoencephalitis in elderly in israel
- came to US in 1999, found in wild birds, horses and humans
- 2002 outbreak, most cases from mosquito bite, some from transplants
- blood is now screened
- usually in old
- if pregnant, rarely associated with spontaneous abortion and neonatal illness, but not birth defects - but intrauterine infection possible
Cytomegalovirus Prevention and Treatment: - no good treatment
- no viral TK, so no acyclovir or penciclovir
- ganciclovir works (still analog of dG, but a viral kinase will phosphorylate it)
HEV clinical features: - fecal-oral spread - similar to HAV
- much higher incidence of fulminant hepatitis, with
an especially high mortality (20%) in pregnant woman
Mumps Epi: - spread via aerosolized droplets, esp in winter and spring
- shed for 7-10 days, from 6 days prior to symptoms
Orthomyxo: ss-*RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Influenza
Rhinovirus and Coronavirus pathogenesis: - confined to URT
- minimal and self-limiting
- may set stage for more serious bacterial infections (sinusitis, OM)
- only coronavirus can cause more serious disease in kids like bronchiolitis, bronchitis and pneumonia
The Picornaviridae family: - genus Enterovirus
- poliomyelitis virus
- echoviruses (enteric cytopathic human orphan virus)
- enteroviruses
- coxsackieviruses (Coxsackie, NY â€¦site of first isolation)
- genus Rhinovirus (including â€œcoldâ€ viruses)
- genus Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) Kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, and Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Clinical Features and Pathogenesis: - transmitted by inoculation or ingestion of diseased nervous tissue
- incubation can last decades
- death is usually months after symptoms appear
- loss of motor control, dementia, wasting, with progressive loss of brain function -> death
- large vacuoles in the cortex and cerebellum
Bunya: ss-*RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Hanta
HEV Pathogenesis: - no chronic carrier state
- no progression to hepatocellular carcinoma
Mumps Diagnosis: - clinical symptoms alone
- swollen parotid
- virus may be cultured
- antiviral Abs may be found in the convalescent serum
Poliomyelitis Structure: - small, (+) ssRNA
- spherical, icosahedral, acid stable
- poly (A) tail and a 5â€™ VPg
- NTRs flank coding regions
Poxviruses Clinical Disease: - Smallpox
- Vacinnia
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Zoonotic poxviruses
Rhinovirus and Coronavirus Immunity: - strain specific immunity after infection
- lots of serotypes (over 100 r)
- c immunity limited - can be re-infected w/in 2 years
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) Kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, and Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Properties of the Agent and Replication: - prion disease - small, proteinaceous infectious particle that resists inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acid
- the altered protein (PrPsc) forces normal proteins (PrPc) in alpha helices into abnormal or beta sheets -> fibrils and amyloid plaque
- very hard to inactivate (remember the brains in lab)
Arena: ss-*RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Lassa, LCM, the 2 HF's
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Epi: - rapidly fatal, presenile dementia of old people
- memory loss w/ confusion, vertigo, blurred vision -> dementia and motor dsfunction
- usually acquired sporadically, but some genetic from amyloid precursor protein mutation
- can be transmitted by surgical instruments, transplanted dura and corenea
- no immune response, no treatment , and no recovery or remission
HEV Epi: - similar to HAV
- endemic in 3rd world from contamination of water
- uncommon in US, only from going abroad
- important to ask about pregnancies
- its been found in US pigs, be careful w/ hog farms near water
Mumps Treatment: - immunization with live attenuated vaccine (MMR)
- no antiviral therapy
Poliomyelitis Replication: - initially replicates in the human intestinal tract
- attaches to receptors (which determine tropism)
- viropexis (RME) does penetration and uncoating
- translation is cap-independent
- cap-binding complex (CBC) shuts of host proteins
- uses RNAdependentRNA polymerase
- asymmetric, many (+) molecules made few (-)
Poxviruses Clinical Disease Smallpox: - eradication in 1977
- presented as either variola major or minor
- rash is macules -> papules -> vesicles -> pustules -> crusts
- major form of had 10 - 30% mortality, partly due to disruption in food production
- Monkeypox in African is transmissible to human
Rhinovirus and Coronavirus Epi: - nose-hand-nose b/t people
- r can survive for hours on environmental surfaces
- reducing spread via handwashing, ventilation
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): - scrapie is a naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathy of sheep
- developed from feeding cattle scrapie-infected sheep by-products - Mad Cow Disease - may have adapted to be more stable in humans
Filo: ss-RNA
Helical Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
Marburg, Ebola
HEV Diagnosis: - clinical signs combined with history and exclusion
- serology requires special tests (available through CDC)
Poliomyelitis Clinical Features: - most subclinical - malaise, fever, headache, nausea
- â€œabortive poliomyelitisâ€, as symptoms only last a few days
- rarely can cause aseptic meningitis (resolves in 2-10 days)
- rarely, paralytic polio - most significant paralysis presents w/in a few days, and most recovery is w/in 6 months - â€œprogressive post-poliomyelitis muscle atrophyâ€
- 25-40% have additional deterioration decades later from effects of aging
Poxviruses Clinical Features Vaccinia: - used as propylaxis of variola
- following subcutaneous inoculation is a papule
- lesion has same pattern as smallpox w/out spreading
Rhinovirus and Coronavirus Treatment: - Capsid-binding antiviral agents (WIN compounds) prevent
virus binding and entry for R
- Anti-receptor compounds
against ICAM-1 - prevent R binding and entry - prevents, doesn't treat - adding soluble ICAM-1 receptor helps - fast resistace
- hard to treat b/c no early clinical recognition, no rapid differentiation, short half-life
- no vaccine
Rubella Clinical Features: - normally like measles
- 14-21 day incubation
- most cases subclinical
- starts w/ rash (face â‡’ extremities) and lasts 3 days
- if acquired later in life (by males or non-pregnant females) its uncomplicated
- if pregnant, congenital rubella syndrome and high risk of spontaneous abortion
- congenital often results in hearing loss or cataracts - can take months to manifest - as kids, they can be carriers and shed
Delta: ss-RNA
? Nucleocapsid
Envelope
R replication
HDV
HEV Treatment: - supportive treatment only (no anti-viral therapy)
- recombinant vaccines are still under development
Poliomyelitis Pathogenesis: - alimentary tract via mouth - shed in feces for several weeks
- 1o replication in OP mucosa, tonsils, LNs - ingested to gut and adjacent lymphoid tissue
- 1o viremia infection of Peyer's patches and mesenteric LNs - spread to SC, meninges, and muscle
- paralysis after 10 days - direct destruction of the neurons or edema-induced damage of the neurons (reversible)
- fatal outcome if infection gets the CV centers of the medulla oblongata
Poxviruses Clinical Features Molluscum contagiosum: - self-limiting infection of the skin
- small umbilicated nodules - may last from months to years
- increased severity in AIDS iincreasing frequency in genital infections
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Structure: - irregular shape
- (-) sense ssRNA
- helical nucleocapsid w/ envelope (3 spiky glycoproteins)
Rubella Virus Properties: - spherical nucleocapsid w/ envelope - Togaviridae family
- no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the virion
- one molecule of (+) RNA
- replication and maturation are confined to the cytoplasm
- infectious virions bud from the cytoplasmic membrane
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD): - like CJD, but ataxia and memory loss more common
- younger age group (16-45 years), mainly in UK
- methionine homozygosity at position 129 of the prion protein predisposes to CJD, kuru, and vCJD
- possibly from exposure to BSE - similar glycosylation patterns, abundant, distinct amyloid plaques in both, and mice inoculated w/ either show similar disease
HCV structure: - nucleocapsid protein
- E1 and E2 are glycoproteins present in the viral envelope
- NS include proteases, and an RNA dependent RNA polymerase
- substantial genetic heterogeneity - six genotypes (1, 2 and 3 are most prevalent in the US) and 100 subtypes
HIV Sturcture: - retrovirus â€“ enveloped, RNA
- uses reverse transcriptase, RNase H, integrase, protease
Poliomyelitis Epidemiology: - poliomyelitis not endemic (unlike other enteros) b/c of vaccination
- bad in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
- in US, only in immunocompromised vaccinees, imports, vaccinated contact
Poxviruses Clinical Features Zoonotic poxviruses: - transmitted by direct contact
- occupational hazard
- self-limiting lesions on hands or face
- orf virus of sheep or goats, and cowpox
Reo: ds*RNA
Icosahedral necleocapsid
No envelope
R replication
Rotovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication: - G glycoprotein binding initiated infection
- penetrates via envelope fusion w/ PM (F mediates)
- events in cytoplasm
- transcribed by virion associated polymerase
- nucleocapsids bud through PM
Rubella pathogenesis: - droplets â‡’ nose and local LN
â‡’ viremia â‡’ organs and skin
- no fusion protein, so no cell to cell - viremia
- shed for 1 week after rash
- infection -> lifelong immun
- Abs cross the placenta
HCV genome: - + sense ssRNA
- no 5â€™ cap; IRES in 5â€™ NTR
- no virion-associated polymerase
- one ORF translated as one polyprotein then cleaved by cellular and viral proteases
high fidelity replication: DNA based
HIV Replication strategy: - Attach via CD4 protein receptor (chemokine as a co-receptor to fuse)
- RT and RNase H copy in DNA, then thatâ€™s transported to the nucleus where integrase inserts viral DNA into host chromosome
- large precursor proteins assemble then protease cleaves
- RT and protease are current drug targets
Non-poliomyelitis enteroviruses Epidemiology: - usually no pandemic, just periodic sweeping every few years
- most mild or asymptomatic
- usually in kids in summer
- lower socioeconomic areas
- often found shellfish harvesting water
Poxviruses Properties: - large, complex, dsDNA
- replication in the cytoplasm
- have DNA-dependent RNA poly in nucleocapsids
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Clinical Features: - 4 to 5 day incubation
- 6-10 day recovery for kids
- <1% mortality unless immunocompromised
- bronchiolitis characterized by lymph infiltration & edema
- pneumonia characterized by rales or infiltrates
- no deepter than superficial layers of resp epi
Rubella Epi: - springtime epidemics every few years - endemic worldwide
- unique togaviruses - it is neither infects nor is transmitted by arthropod
- outbreaks due to gaps in our vaccine coverage are a concern
HCV Clinical Features: - like acute HBV infection w/ lower serum ALT
- often sequential â€˜episodesâ€™
- many asymptomatic infections
- 40% of chronic carriers later develop cirrhosis which progresses into carcinoma
HIV Clinical Features and Pathogenesis: - progressive loss of CD4+ helper Ts -> immunodef
- Acute Infection - levels of virus present w/in 6 months - some immune insult that canâ€™t be repaired by controlling viral replication later on
- Chronic infection - high rates of replication and immune clearance â€“ sometimes and aggressive form uses a different co-receptor -> more rapid disease
- CD4+ T cell count drops below 200
low fidelity replication: RNA based
RT based
Poliomyelitis Diagnosis: - clinical signs nondescript - use knowledge of a current epidemic
- specific viruses identified via immuno-serological techniques
- appropriate specimens are stools, rectal and throat swabs
- mixed infections of enteroviruses common
Poxviruses Pathogenesis and Immunity: - inhalation ->replication in URT, LRT -> infection of Mâ€™s -> LNs for replication and cell-associated viremia (asymptomatic and non-infectious)
- replication in the spleen and bone marrow -> 2o viremia and replication in dermis -> skin for symptoms, OP form spread
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunity: - mediated by secretory Abs, serum Abs and cytotoxic T
- get maternal Abs
- multiple re-infections does immunity in older children
- secretory neutralizing IgA Abs better on nasal mucosa than serum, but not great
- cellular immunity ok, but short-lived
- local immunity most important in URT, serum Ab
best in LRT
Rubella Diagnosis: - usually clinical symptoms
- tests for immune status of women of childbearing age
- can be cultured in lab
HCV pathogenesis: - damage to hepatocytes is apparently from cytotoxic T's and virus-induced cell death
- biopsies show most cells w/ no CPE, no HCV Ag or RNA,
but bile duct damage, steatosis and lymphoid follicles
- IFN response key for viral clearance
- most become chronic, leading cause of chronic cirrhosis and requests for liver transplant
- causes PHC - 40+% die
HIV Opportunistic infections â€“ Fungal: - Candida (oral -> esophagus)
- Pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia - PCP)
- Cryptococcus neoformans (meningitis)
- Histoplasma capsulatum (pneumonia or disseminated)
Poliomyelitis Prevention and Treatment: - vaccination is key (but none for other enteroviruses)
- isolation of infected
- resistant to disinfectants
Poxviruses Epidemiology and Transmission: - variola virus shed during acute infection
- outbreaks in rural area got all age groups
- only kids in urban (frequent exposure)
- monkeypox is relatively rare and less transmissible, but just as serious
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Epi: - severe in infants and kids, mild URT in adults - infants esp prone -> bronchiolitis and pneumonia
- most common viral thing in infants (2-7 mos), esp bad if premature
- big immunosuppressed adults and elderly
- all infected by age 2, adult
re-infection common
- 1o infection most severe
Rubella Treatment: - vaccination of children
- medical people are often required to be immune
- vaccine is very effective and long-lived
very low fidelity replication: HIV and HCV - every "clone" is different
(+) RNA: - replication: parental (+) -> (-) RNA -> progeny (+) RNA
- gene expression: parental (+) -> mRNA thats translated directly
HCV immunity: - virus undergoes â€œantigenic driftâ€ within the patient - specific ab's promote the selective propagation of virus with variant antigens
- â€œQuasi-speciesâ€ concept.
- positive serology means on-going infection and viremia: not recovery
HIV Opportunistic infections â€“ Protozoan: - Cryptosporidium (gastroenteritis)
- Toxoplasma gondii (encephalitis)
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Clinical Features: - 6th disease or "roseola" in kids under 2
- high fever and a red rash
- resolves in 3-5 days without complications or sequelae, and most are asymptomatic
- 50% of febrile episodes in infants due to HHV-6
- lifelong protection, so infection in immunocompetent adults is rare
Poliomyelitis Killed vaccine advantages: - can be combined w/ (DPT)
- no mutation
- ok if immunodeficient
- reduces spread of live polioviruses
Poxviruses Diagnosis: - not part of differential diagnosis
- most related viruses ass. w/ animals or travel, take careful history
Respiratory Syncytial Virus pathogenesis: - transmitted by close contact
- aerosolized in large droplets of resp secretions
- infected kids shed for 3 wks
- can stay of surfaces for hrs
- spread in hospitals and daycare is a major problem
- mid-winter to late spring
- handwashing prevents!
(-) RNA: - replication: parental (-) -> (+) RNA -> progeny (-) RNA
- gene expression: parental (-) -> (+) RNA that acts as mRNA
HCV epi: - humans reservoir - ~1%
- blood-borne pathogen - ~80% prevalence in IV drug users
- drugs, sex, childbirth, transfusion
- blood banks now routinely use serology and an additional RT-PCR test
- RF;s tattos and piercings
- Sexual and vertical transmissions occur less frequently than with HBV
HIV Opportunistic infections - Bacterial: - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pneumonia and/or disseminated)
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC, disseminated infection, fever)
- higher susceptibility to common infections
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Properties of the Virus: - replication & structure like other herpesviruses
- icosahedral capsid and spiked envelope
- latent after 1o infection
- 1 case of virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) from reactivation - prominent phago of BCs in bone marrow and LNs
Poliomyelitis Killed vaccine disadvantages: - low % develop Abs, so repeated boosters neede
- no intestinal immunity
- expensive
Poxviruses Prevention and Treatment: - vaccination for lab workers handling it
- eradication worked b/c humans only reservoir, 1 serotype, all symptomatic, predictable epidemics recovered patients recognized by lesions
- vaccine very stable when dried and vaccinees marked by vaccination scar
- encodes a (TK) that does not (P) ACV so ACV not effective
Respiratory Syncytial Virus treatment: - treat severe kids w/ humidified O2, bronchodilators and assisted ventilation
- IV IG in high risk cases
- no vaccines, but live attenuated being tested
- hard to make infant vaccine b/c of maternal antibody and the immune immaturity
dsRNA: - replication: parental dsRNA -> (+) RNA -> progeny dsRNA
- gene expression: parental dsRNA -> (+) RNA that acts as mRNA
HCV diagnosis: - Use ELISA for Ab's
- RT-PCR for viral RNA is now available
HIV Opportunistic infections â€“ Viral: - cytomegalovirus (retinitis)
- herpes simplex virus (mucocutaneous lesions)
- Epstein-Barr virus (oral hairy leukoplakia, lymphomas)
- varicella-zoster virus (shingles)
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Pathogenesis: - respiratory route - oropharynx â‡’ many cell types
including lymphocytes (esp CD4), Ms, epi and endo cells
- a tiny fraction of these cells become infected during childhood roseola
Parainfluenza Virus Structure: - (-) sense ssRNA
- virion-associated RNA polymerase
- replicate in the cytoplasm
Poliomyelitis Live polio vaccine advantages: - humoral and intestinal immunity (like natural)
- immunity lifelong
- oral, works quickly
- relatively inexpensive
- uses of continued cell lines, no contaminants
Rotaviruses Properties and Replication: - reovirus family, 11 pieces of dsRNA, so high rate of reassortment
- groups share cross reactive Ags (A, B, C in humans, A in US)
- reassortment w/in groups
- 3 layer icosahedral w/ spikes (must be cleaved to infect)
- cytocidal, replicate in the intestinal epi cell cytoplasm
HCV treatment: - No vaccine
- No hyperimmune serum
- IFNα licensed for therapy experience is mixed - can achieve suppression of viremia
- new aggressive combo is interferon (injections) + ribavirin (oral) for 48 weeks -> ~40% have non-viremic with normal serum ALT esp for Genotypes 2 and 3
HIV Diagnosis: - AIDS-defining illness in healthy person - then do western blot
- test positive for anti-HIV-1 Abs - then count CD4+ T and level of viral RNA
- flu-like symptoms from acute HIV-1 - common symptoms so consider risk factors â€“ no Abs but plasma RNA
- After a known exposure â€“
- After birth of a baby to an HIV infected mother - monitor for Abs or plasma RNA for 6 months - some starts administering therapy anyway
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Epi: - transmitted by salivary droplets
- requires close contact
- infection is universal
- usually presents in infants soon after maternal Ab waned
- most subclinical or febrile illnesses without the rash
Parainfluenza Virus Replication: - encode a hemagglutinin / neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein spike that binds sialic acid to attach and enter - high [sialic acid] in URT and LRT
- viral genome transcribed and
nucleocapsids assemble in cytoplasm and bud through PM
- encodes an (F) spike and forms syncytia
Poliomyelitis Live vaccine disadvantages: - may mutate -> neurovirulence
- spreads to other persons and environment
- problem if immunodeficient
- monkey testing
reverse transcriotion: - ss(+)RNA -> (via RT)
- (+)RNA and (-)DNA -> (via RNase H)
- ss(-)DNA -> (via RT)
- dsDNA
Rotaviruses Pathogenesis: - ingested (fecal-oral) -> viruses replicate in the columnar epi -> villi lose the epi cells -> malabsorption -> diarrhea
- glycoprotein 4 may be enterotoxin -> diarrhea
- die from dehydration
- no residual damage if cleared of virus
HBV genome: - circular pdsDNA, w/ 4 overlaping ORFs w/ no non-coding bases
- 2 in-frame start codons -> Pre C, the signal peptide, is cleaved within Pre C near the carboxyl terminus of C -> HBe
- Viral polymerase has priming domain, RTase, & RNase H and does RT w/in nucleocapsid
- X gene encodes regulatory protein (not involved w/ viron
HIV Treatment: - inhibitors include Nucleoside analogs (AZT, 3TC, ddI, ddC) are chain terminatorys - Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRT) bind RT to inactivate - Protease inhibitors - make sure its strong, wont develop resistance (use combos), and is tolerated
- if 50 copies/ml of plasma, probably no progress or resistance - AZT, 3TC and the protease inhibitor indinavir usually will do this
- if suppression is incomplete, resistance more probable
- for NNRTIs, a single mutation can do resistace â€“ more mutations needed for protease inhibitors
- treat opportunistics normally, except Pneumocystis pneumonia, Toxoplasma encephalitis and Mycobacterium avium - give prophylactics if CD4+ below 200
- most pts survive until T is at 50
- promising alternative therapy is CD4+ T cell production with IL2 â€“ also maybe bone marrow transplants
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Diagnosis: clinical presentation
Parainfluenza Virus Clinical features: - 2nd cause of LRT in kids
- the most common cause of croup in kids (esp type 1)
- non-croup infections present as a hoarse cough w/ fever which resolves in 2-3 days
Polyomaviruses JC virus: - PML, a progressively fatal, neurodegenerative disease
- due to SV 40 ('the vacuolating agent') â€“ maybe from contaminated OPV vaccine
- Inclusion bodies seen in brain
- 1-10% of AIDS patients
- distantly related to SV 40
replicating the dsDNA from RT: - dsDNA in nuc -> (via host DNA dep RNA poly II)
- mRNA in cyto -> (via RT and RNase H)
- dsDNA in cyto
Rotaviruses Clinical Signs: - subclinical to fatal diarrhea
- infants asymptomatic, maternal antibody
- severe almost exclusively seen in the 6-24 months, as later infections are mild (unless immunocomp, but not big in HIV)
- asymptomatic incubation for three days after vomiting
- diarrhea begins later but then continues for up to a week
- give supportive fluid therapy to resolve
HBV structure: - the HBcAg is capsid protein - HBe is similar but distinct
- 3 in-frame start codons make Surface/viral envelope - L (large) M S envelope proteins
- Mosly S, but most induced anti-HBs antibody is directed at epitopes in S, but can bind to all 3
- Most HBs in blood is small & spherical w/no nucleocapsid - 1st discovered â€œAustralia agâ€ - not invecious, sub-unit vaccine idea
- virion aka Dane particle; found at lower []s than HBs
HIV Epidemiology: - 750,000 and one million in US, 36 million in the world â€“ 3rd world bad
- Worldwide spread sustained by heterosexual transmission
- in US, main spread is from homosexuals and IV drugs - esp bad in coastal cities â€“ migration to rural
- leading cause of death in the US among 25 to 44 year-olds
- two related variants (HIV-1 and HIV-2) - 1 is more widespread and pathogenic, 2 is mainly in western Africa
- virus load is high early and late, low in between
- concurrent STD infections increase risk
- 15 30% vertical transmission (in utero and at birth) - AZT decreases chance
- 1 in 300 in sharing needles, 90% in blood transfusions
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Treatment: - no antiviral therapy yet
- but Ganciclovir (GCV) has been via IV to suppress HHV-6 replication in lifethreatening
CNS infections in bone marrow recipients
- more sensitive to GCV than ACV but GCV has more toxic side effects
- no vaccine, but most newborns have maternal Ab
- most infants seropositive by 13 months
Parainfluenza Virus Pathology: - gets epi of the pharyngeal and nasal mucosa
- spread from cell to cell by fusion then spread to the epi of the larynx and trachea
- resulting inflam -> croup
- restriction to RT b/c host cell proteases cleave the viral fusion protein - w/out this, virions cant infect other cells
Polyomaviruses BK virus: - isolated from urine of pt after renal transplant
- in 50% of patients after bone marrow transplantation
- distantly related to SV 40
Rotaviruses Diagnosis: - detection of rotavirus (EM), or viral antigen (ELISA or PCR)
WIN compounds (for Rhinoviruses): - 108 unique serotypes -> continued re-infection
â€“ most use same docking receptor (ICAM-1)
- drugs designed to specifically bind this and prevent entry
HBV replicating the product from RT: - pdsDNA ->
- dsDNA -> (transciption)
- m(+)RNA -> (RT)
- pdsDNA
HBV viral replication: - gapped virion DNA is completed -> to nucleus -> covalently closed circular duplex DNA (ccc DNA) that exists as a plasmid
- transcribed by host DNA dependent RNA polymerase II
- Subgenomic mRNAs synthesized for protein synthesis
- a genome-sized replicative RNA (pregenome) is synthesized
- pregenom packaged into HBcAg
- viral polymerase protein packaged (primer + RTase + RNaseH)
- RT in cytoplasm occurs
- This creates a nucleocapsid w/ dsDNA (and not RNA)
HIV Prevention Strategy/Vaccine: - probability of STD spread determined by # of partners, likelihood that partner is infected, transmission conditions
- not all virus-containing blood has antibodies (during acute infection but prior to seroconversion)
- Factor VIII and IX clotting factors are now heat treated to inactivate virus
- immediate AZT treatment after exposure
- No vaccine due to extreme sequence variability - must try to attain sufficiently high levels of protection to block an initial infection (since body cant rid itself of it) - most vaccines increase immunity for a subsequent infection
Parainfluenza Virus Immunity: - nasal secretory IgA Abs better than serum Abs
- only Abs to HN and F have been shown to neutralize virus
Parvovirus B19 Clinical Features: - 5th disease (age 1-5 years)
- "slapped-cheek" rash and rash on the trunk w/ low fever
- adults asymptomatic or have arthralgia then flu-like
- if hemolytic disorders -> transient aplastic crisis, from viral impact new erythrocyte prod, combined w/ the reduction in existing ones
- can infect in utero
- persistently viremic infants
w/ severe anemia, so transfusions
- can cause death (hydrops fetalis)
Polyomaviruses Structure: - Papovavirus family
- naked, icosahedral virions
- circular dsDNA
- from SV40 - in 40% of tumors in non-Hodgkins lymphomas and brain and bone tumors and mesotheliomas â€“ contaminated polio vaccine?
Rotaviruses Epidemiology: - major cause of severe diarrhea everywhere
- mainly in kids under two in cooler months
- first appears in the SW then sweeps NE
- infection from as few as 10 virus particles
- 48 hour incubation, but shed at high levels through clinical phase
- subsequent infection subclinical from childhood immunity â€“ mild if exposed to a lot
- Aerosol and formite spread
- resistant to inactivation - can retain infectivity for seven months at RT
- frequent nosocomial infection
HBV clinical course: - 1o infections asymptomatic
- In children, mostly asymptomatic w/ high rate of chronic carriage
- if immunosup, always asymptomatic and persistent
- longer incubation prior to symptoms than HAV or acute HCV
- Chronic may develop, CPH, CAH, PHC - staging by biopsy
- CAH â†’ cirrhosis â†’ PHC 2-30+ years
- Antigen-antibody complexes â‡’ polyarteritis, glomeru
- subclinical â‡’ fatal acute fulminant
- anti-HBeAbs is a good sign, along w/ viremia, less replication in liver, lesser rate of immune-mediated damage to liver
HIV and HTLV replicating the prodcut from RT: - ss (+) RNA -> (via RT and RNase H)
- ds DNA -> (via DNA dep RNA pol II)
-ss(+)RNA
Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I - HTLV-I Viral Properties and Replication: - causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL)
- envelope â€“ one of its glycoproteins does entry into the cell â€“ target for neutralizing Abs
- carries several viral enzymes for replication
Influenza Pandemic: - excess mortality
- results from novel A virus
- 1918, 1957 and 1968.
- confined mainly to elderly and ill
Parvovirus B19 Properties of the Virus: - typical parvovirus
- small, no enveloped icosa.
- 1 molecule of +,- ssDNA
- replication and assembly in the nucleus during S phase
- uses host enzymes, no integration into host DNA
Polyomaviruses Replication: - replicate in nucleus - do NOT encode a viral DNA dependent DNA polymerase;
- use host DNA dependent DNA polymerase for genome replication
- uses host DNA dependent RNA polymerase II for transcription
- progeny virions assemble in cell nucleus
Rotaviruses Treatment and Prevention: - fluid replacement
- vaccine should prevent severe diarrhea in first 2 years (most critical)
- there was a failed vaccine that was withdrawn
HBV Pathogenesis: - regulates replication level in each hepatocyte so cell isn't overstressed - no cytopathology is apparent
- replicates to very high levels in HIV pts
- For HBV caused PHC, 80% of tumors have integrated HBV DNA
- low level of infection at specific extra-hepatic sites
- a mutant type is more fulminant and has HBe negative phenotype and serology
HTLV-I Retroviruses: - formerly called RNA tumor viruses
- have RT and RNase H to copy RNA into DNA intermediate
- integrase inserting viral DNA into the host chromosome
- large precursor proteins assemble the particle then are cleaved by protease
Influenza Structure: - pleomorphic
- smaller than paramyxoviruses
- 8 segments of (-) polarity ssRNA
- helical nucleocapsid w/ envelope
- viral RNA polymerase is packaged within the virion
- 2 proteins on surgace, hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N)
- first identifies as H1N1, but H2N2 and H3N2 also came along (so H1N1 gets younger people b/c older have immunity
Norwalk Agent Properties and Replication: - calicivirus, naked, (+) sense ssRNA
- fastidious in their growth requirements, replicate poorly in cell culture
- humans only reservoir
Parvovirus B19 Pathogenesis: - narrow specificity for host cells in bone marrow, fetal liver or heart
- killing host cells (erythropoeitic cells)
- causes high titer viremia w/ bone marrow depression thats
short-lived, ending due to the development of Ab
- rash and adult rheumatic syndrome due to immune-complex formation
- infection -> lifelong immun.
Pleconaril: - piconovirus WIN
Polyomaviruses Pathogenesis: - only in immunosuppressed -> inapparent, cryptic infection
- transmitted via respiratory route
- host cells are killed by viral cytolytic infection
- cannot manifest transformation phenomenon
- can be transformed to neoplastic growth in non-natural cells
Amantadine: get influenza A M2 protein (to block its role as an ion channel) and prevent nucleocapsid release
HBV Immunity: - specific CTLs, directed probably at HBc and/or HBe Ags
- Persistent infection can resolve, along w/ anti-HBsAbs so liver damage ends
Herpesviridae family: - herpes simplex (HSV)
- varicella zoster virus (VZV)
- cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- HHV 6 and HHV 7 (roseola)
- HHV 8 (Kaposi sarcoma associated virus)
- monkey B virus (serious neurotropic virus for humans)
HTLV-I Clinical Features: - low virus load w/ seroconversion shortly after infection
- malignant infected cells are mature T cells, w/ multilobed nucleus
- characterized by high WBCs, infiltration of CNS and rapidly fatal course
- can cause immunodeficiency, leading to opportunistic infections
Influenza A: - in both humans and animals
Norwalk Agent Pathogenesis: - villi of the SI broaden and become blunted
- epithelial mucosa remains intact, but malabsorption -> diarrhea
- nausea and vomiting due to affected gastric motor function
Parvovirus B19 Epi: - infected spreading virus w/in 5-6 days of infection until sufficient Abs (10-14)
- widely disseminated in community-wide epidemics via school-age children
- can survive pasteurization of blood products
HBV primary infection: 1 - acute episode - strong immune response â†’ clearance, recovery, no persistence, lifelong immunity (anti-HBsAb)
2 - acute episode, intermediate immune response â†’ persistent infection â†’ chronic liver disease
3 - no acute disease, asymptomatic â†’ persistent infection (healthy carrier) â†’ tolerance erodes â†’ chronic
liver disease
- In healthy carriers no activated (HBV specific) CTLs. CTLs seem â€œanergicâ€.
HSV-1 Clinical Features: - Primary Disease usually asymptomatic (esp if < 10 YO) - if symptoms, gingivostomatitis, with vesicular eruptions on mouth -> ulcerative lesions - 2-3 weeks
- latent infection in sensory neurons then reactivated disease from stress - prior to episode, often altered sensation of area, then vesicls 1-2 days later â€“ fewer lesions than 1o and on mucocutaneous borders - asymptomatic shedding common
HTLV-I Pathogenesis: - act as a cofactor in tumor formation
- first there is transient polyclonal outgrowth of cells w/ integrated DNA
- inappropriate expansion may allow other genetic changes
- viral expression is difficult to detect, which suggests that viral gene product is not required to maintain the transformed state and its role is early
- if virus-encoded tax transcriptional activator protein increased the expression of IL2 and its receptor, cell growth would be chronically stimulated â€“ window for genetic mutations that contribute to cell growth and malignancy
- associated w/ p53 mutation and tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), a myelopathy â€“ SC inflame that leads to partial paralysis
Influenza B: - only human, preferentially kids
- Reye's syndrome is a complication w/ aspirn
- HA and NA relatively stable, genetically
Norwalk Agent Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis: - 24 hour incubation, 24-48 hours
- nausea, vomiting (in adults), diarrhea (in kids)
- no immunity if previous exposure, maybe due to different serotype or genetic # of virus receptors

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