history final
Terms
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- Nahuatl
- The language of the Aztc people. Calmecac (House of Lineage)/Telpochalli (House of Youth)
- Mamluks
- slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages
- Khipus
- system of long ropes that were used to keep record of finances for the Inka
- Ibn Tulun Mosque
- located in Cairo, Egypt. It is arguably the oldest mosque in the city surviving in its original form, and is the largest mosque in Cairo in terms of land area. The mosque was constructed on a small hill called Gebel Yashkur.
- Bantu
- Originated in areas of Nigeria and/or the Congo, but began to migrate south c.200 BCE. The Bantu people were a diverse ethinc and language family. They were small-scall farmers and/or herders. Their belief system focused on the supernatural, nature spirits, deceased ancestors, pantheon of gods and goddesses.
- Crusades
- Series of Christian military expeditions at the Muslims in Eastern Mediterranean in 1905. Reasons: 1) pope hoped to write the entire Eastern Mediterranean and divide Christian faith, 2) the Italian city-states, with their large navies, hoped for commercial gains, 3) the Byzantine Empire was in a severe decline and could no longer act as a buffer b/w the Muslim East and the Catholic West, 4) the Seljuk Turks, declining in military power, were no longer able to ensure the safety of the Christian pilgrims visiting their holy sites
- Popul Vuh
- Means "Book of the Community"; It was a Mayan creation story and a great value in understanding the Maya.
- janissary corps
- comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguard. The force originated in the 14th century; it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 in the Auspicious Incident
- Teotihuacan
- City that arose in present-day Mexico City c.200-800 CE. It was a reliable water supply, with its springs. They also traded obsidian and jade. Focused on pilgrimage and worship.
- Mansa Musa
- Reigned 1312-1337, and was the best known of the powerful leaders of Mali. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca with an entourage of 500 slaves, each with a golden staff.
- Fatimids
- Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from January 910 to 1171, and founded the Egptian city of Cairo as their capital
- Millet System
- and Ottoman Turkish term for a confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, with the Tanzimat reforms, the term started to refer to legally protected religious minority groups, other than ruling Sunni
- Zimbabwe
- Developed around 100 CE by the Bantus, metal-working farmers and herders, it contained at least one major urban center in the area.
- Oba
- King of Benin
- Ashanti
- Moved from the interior into the coastal area of present-day Ghana, and were the most powerful of the Akan people. They excelled in making lavish gold objects, and hand-woven cloth.
- Mayans
- Lived from c.300s-1400s CE in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Western Honduras. They were a theocratic goverment. Polytheistic on religion. They had an economy based on agriculture: used slash-and-burn system, also had important crops like maize, beans, squash. They also had their own ideals of beauty: elongated head, crossed eyes, teeth filed to a point.
- Ghana
- Mediterranean civilization that flourished c.500-1250. It was referred to as successor states because each built on the ruins and contributions of its predecessor. It was also referred to as the Land of Gold by Muslim traders.
- Seljuk Turks
- were a Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th-14th centuries. They set up an empire known as the Great Seljuq Empire that stretched from Anatolia to Punjab and was the target of the First Crusade
- Axum
- center of the Ethiopan kingdom
- Moche
- Society that dominated the Peruvian coast and the nearby hill country between 100-700 CE. They did not have a written language. Art and architecture centered on religion, and religion based on waging war. Its notable for its skill of artists and metalwork. They also made cups for drinking, chichi, and corn beer.
- Islamic Calligraphy
- The art of writing, and by extension, of bookmaking. This art has most often employed the Arabic script, througout many languages. Calligraphy is especially revered among Islamic arts since it was the primary means for the preservation of the Qur'an.
- Ghazis
- Originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which Muhammad personally participated. It has since evolved into a term for battle associated with the expansion of Muslim territory
- Stelae
- tall structure with inscriptions in Ethiopia. There are 1,300 stelae found at Axum in Ethiopia.
- Genghis Khan
- Temujin came to power by uniting many of the Nomadic tribes of northeast Asia and Central Asia. After founding the Mongol Nation and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he pursued an aggressive foreign policy by starting the Mongol invasion of East and Central Asia. The Mongol Empire eventually occupied most of Asia
- Sufism
- mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to a Divine love and the cultivation of the elements of the Divine within the individual human being.
- Al-Hambra
- Is a palace and fortress complex of the Moorish monarchs of Granada, Spain. It was the residence of the Muslim kings of Granada and their court, but is currently a museum exhibiting exquisite Islamic architecture. Built during 14th century, held highly sophisticated systems of water fountains, gardens, solons.
- Ibn Battuta
- Famous 14th century traveler from Morocco and wrote a passage from the firsthand account of Mogadishu in 1331.
- Kublai Khan
- He was the 2nd son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan. The civil war between him and his younger brother Ariq Boke over the succession of the older brother Mongke essentially marked the end of a unified Mongol empire
- Abbasid Caliphate
- dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the 2nd of two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle. It seized power in 750 CE and shifter the capital from Damascus to Baghdad
- Muslim Spain
- Established by Umayyads and made Cordoba the capital. Education was highly valued and Muslim Spain was dynamic center for arts and sciences. It was a wealthy, vibrant, intellectual, cosmopoltan, talerant culture.
- Mit'a system
- It was a mandatory public service to the Inka state for a specific number of days a year. The Spanish conquistadors adopted and transferred this labor system into a system of slavery of the Amerindians.
- Askia Muhammad
- known as Muhammad the Great and reigned from 1493-1528. He brought scholars from Mecca to encourage science and education.
- Ottoman Empire
- 16-17 century. Spanned 3 continents , controlling much of the Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria, Slovakia and parts of Ukraine in the north to Sudan Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen in the south. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces
- Tenochtitlan
- main island and center of Aztec culture. It was an engineering marvel, with a dam built by the Aztecs to feed Tenochtitlan. It is now known as Mexico City.
- Quechua
- Spoken language of the Inca of the Peru
- Arabesques
- Element of Islamic art usually found decorating the walls of mosques. The arabesque is an elaborative application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals. The choice of which geometric forms are to be used and how they are to be formatted is based upon the Islamic view of the world.
- Alfonso I
- one of the first African monarchs converted to Christianity by Portuguese missionaries