ANT test 2

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-traditional explanation -adaptation to tree living -prehensile hand adapting to climbing: Aboreal Hypothesis
-most primates are quadrupedal -use of all four limbs -majority are aboreal: Locomotion
simplified classification primate order includes two major divisions(suborders), what are they?: prosimians
anthropoids
what is a prosimian?: lemurs, lorises and traditionally tarsier-probable anthropoid
most primitive primate
Lemurs are from?: Madagascar, off the coast of Africa
what is a suborder of anthropoids?: monkeys, apes, and humans
these animals have prosimian traits, certain anthropoid features, including biochemical similarities: tarsiers
what do anthropoids consist of?: -new world monkeys
-old world primates including old world monkeys, hominoids, lesser apes, great apes and hominids
these animals are divided into two large groups, new and old world: monkeys
these animals are arboreal (trees) quadrupedal and some use prehensile tails: new world monkeys
these animals are the most widely distrubuted primate residing in Africa, Asia, and Japan: Old world monkeys
these animals live in tropical forests, semiarid deserts, snow-covered areas, and some live on the ground: Old World monkeys
characteristics are different from monkeys and have larger body size, absence of a tail, shortened trunks, and more complex behavior: Hominoids
they are the smallest "lesser" apes and are brachiation (arm swinging): Gibbons and Siamangs
Great apes include: Orangutan, Gorillas, and Chimps
they live in heavily forested areas of Indonesian islands: Orangutans
they are the largest primates living in the forests of central africa, exhibit sexual dimorphism, primarily terrestrial, knuckle walking, and vegetarian: Gorillas
they are equatorial Africa, knucke walking, omnivores and "termite fish": Chimpanzees
Similar to chimps, but are a subspecies called "pygmy chimpanzee": Bonobos
habitually bipedal hominid only living species of the family Hominidae: humans
is learned; not passed through generations, not boilogical, not applied to just humans and the term "cultural primaology" is used: Primate Cultural Behavior
when learned behaviour is passed to offspring and a "____ _____" may emerge for a group or species: Cultural Tradition
chimp tool use 1)termite fishing 2)leaf sponges 3)hammerstones and platforms are used to crack nuts: Chimpanzee "Cultural" Behavior
only chimps habiually makes and uses tools, there are regional variations of tools used, and regional dietary preferneces for chimps: Regional Variation
have involuntarily learned different alarm calls for paricular predators like snakes, eagles, and leopards: vervet monkey language skills
physchologists report that they can learn to interpret visual signs and use then in communication: Ape language
Why can't apes learn to speak?: because of the anatomy of their vocal track and the language related structures in the brain
attempts to teach chimps to speak failed and experimented with other methods: Experiments in Primate Communication
infant chimp taught ASL: Washoe
Chimp taught to recognize plastic chips as symbols: Sara
a gorilla that learned 500 different ASL signs: Koko
chimp that couls use a computer keyboard: Lana
study of behavior in free ranging primates from ecological and evolutionary perspective: Evolution of Behavior
Evolution of behavior includes the relationships between ___, ___, and _____: behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of species studied
the relatinship between organisms and all aspects of environment like food resources and predators: Ecological study of behavior
subject to natural selection, influenced by genes, and focuses on the ralationship b/t behaviours in the natural environment, and biological traits of the species: Behavioral ecology
These are the results of natural selection in specific habitats and is one of he major topics in primate research: Primate Social Structure
Factors that influence social structure: body size, distrubution of resources, and predation
____ require fewer claories by weight are better able to retain heat and energy requirements are less: larger animals
primates are vulnerable to many types of predators and where this is high, communities are advantageous: Predation
distribution of resources includes?: abundant leaves support large groups, fruits and nuts support smaller groups (tend to be protective of resources)
many primate societies are organized into ______ hierarchies: Dominance
____ solve major adaptive problems in a "social context", reinforce group integrity, and includes dominance, communication, aggression, affiliation and altruism: Primate Social Behavior
raised body hair is an example of ______ response: autonomic
_____ communicate emotional states that can be elaborate, complicated, and repatitive. a gorilla slapping his chest is an example: Displays
_____ is used often to protect individual or group resources: agression
primate groups are associated with a ___ ___ where they remain permenantly: Home Range
it's popular within the home range, contains the most resources, and it's the portion defended against intrusion: core area
many behaviors minimize violence and reinforce bonds b/t individuals and enhance group stabability: affiliation and altruism
social practice common among primates and reinforces social relationships: grooming
behaviors that benefit another while posing a risk to oneself: altruism
what are the four levels of primate evolution?: prosimians, anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids
how far back do the roots of primate order go back?: to the beginning of placental mammal radiation
placental mammal radiation began ____ years ago during the ____ epoch which resulted in the ___ ___ ___.: 65 million; paleocene; earliest primates diverging
during the Ecocene period the earliest ____ ____ appear of modern aspect. the fossils were found in ___ ___ and ___ and were mostly extinct by the end of ___.: definite primates; North America and Europe; Ecocene
some ecocene primates are ancestors of ___ such as ___, and ___ and some are ancestors of ___: prosimians; lemurs, and lorises; tarsiers
in the ____ epoch most of the fossils found were "old world ___": Oligocene; anthropoids
Oligocene fossils were primarily found in ___, Egypt, including the genera ___ and ______: Fayum; Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus
adipiums are ___ in size near or before the evolutionary divergence of ___ and ___: small; Old and New
Aegyptopithecus are ancestral to Old world ___ and ___: monkeys and hyominiods
during the ___ epoch there was spectacular ___ radiation. fossils were found in ___, ___, and ___: Miocene; hominiod; africa, asia and europe
___ is the best known genus of the early ___ ___ in Africa.: Proconsul; early Miocene
___ is thge best known form of the European Genus: Dryopithecus
___ forms are the largest varied group of ___ fossil hominiods and ___ is the best known genus: Asian; Miocene; Sivapithecus
the miocene hominiods are most derived to be ___ of living forms except ___ may be linked to the orangutan: ancestors; sivapithecus
new discoveries show earliest hominiods date back to the end of ___ in the period of __-____: Miocene; Plio-Pleistocene
characteristics of a hominid include ___ locomotion, and large ___, and ___ making: bipedal; brain; tool
then physiological and behaviorial systems evolve at different rates: "mosiac evolutionary patterns"
___ is the most distinctive human behavior feature made possible by ___: culture; biology
paleoanthropologists reconstruct the ___, ___, and ___ of our early ancestors: anatomy, behavior, and ecology
the two types of dating methods are ___ and ___: relative and chronometric
this type of dating determins only whether an object is older or younger than other objects: relative
this type of dating provides an estimate of age in years based on radioactivity decay: chronometric
dating technique based on the law of superposition that a lower stratum (layer) is older than a higher stratum: stratigraphy
dating technique that applies to buried bones and groundwater seepage. the longer the bones are underground the more ___: flourine analysis
uses fossils of better known animals to help date associated hominid remains such as pigs, rodents and baboons: biostratigraphy
shifting of the geomagnetic pole, magnetic particles act as ancient compass and point to location of pole when the rock was formed: paleomagnetism
provides an estimate of age in actual number of years, most are "radiometric" and based on rate of radioactivity: chronometric/absolute dating
heating "resets" clock, volcanic rock in east africa, dates rock - not bone, and is used for old events to age of earth: potassium/argon (K decays into Ar)
radiometric method used by archeologists to date organic material (bone, wood) and is relevant for later stages of hominid evolution: carbon-14
counts tracks left in crystalline rocks as uranium atoms disintegrate: fission-track
fossils are divided into what three categories?: 1. basal/pre-australopithecus 2. australpithicines; early primative, and later derived 3. early homo
in what mountainous area, the volcanic material was good for dating and fossils were exposed from erosion?: the east african rift valley?
in what area were fossils inbeded in rock material and difficult to date?: South Africa
these earliest remains of hominids in chad, africa are about 7 million years old: basal/pre-australopithecus
oldest basal hominid of the late Miocene in east africa: Sahelanthropus tchadensis
a basal hominid. Genus assigned to early aramis fossils: ardipithecus ramidus
there were maybe 8 species of this well known diverse genus in south, central and east africa: australopithecus
this female australopithecus was found in hadar. The oldest (2.5 mya) stone tools were also found: "lucy" australopithecus afarensis
fossilized hominid of this bipedal species were found in an ancient volcanic bed: Laetoli
In east africa, tanzania a deep 25 mile ravine was the site Lous and Mary Leakey conducted excavationd from 1930's -80's: Olduvai Gorge
the earlist hominid site discovered in Gorge is ___ years old and contained ____ and ___ ___: 1.85 million; Australopithecines, and early homo
the homo habilis were early ____ and are the probable ancestor to ___ ___ an dlived at the same time as _____: toolmakers; homo sapiens; australopithecus
the first australopithecine between ___ and ___ was discovered in Taung, Africa. The ___ ___ was under the skull, they walked ___ and had a ___ brain: apes and humans; foramen magnum; upright; small
_____ were found at Sterkfontein, Drimolen, and Swartkrans on South Africa, and ___ is difficult: Australopithicines; dating
South African Hominid remains were mostly found in ___ caves and the fossils were divided into ___ and ___: limestone; "robust" and "gracile"
have small brains, broad heavy face, large premolars and teeth, sagital crest on head, and ate heavier vegetables: "robust" australopithicines
smaller teeth, lighter face, australopithicus africanus: "gracile" australopithicines
the Plio-Pleistocene Hominids from south and east africa are divided into what four groupings?: 1. basal hominids
2. early primitive australopithicines
3. later more derived australopithicines
4. early homo
three genera, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Bipedal with primitive feet: Pre-australopithicicus/basal hominids
one genus, several species, bipedal, two sets are recognized, one eing anamensis: early primitive/later more derived australopithicines
possess a large brain and smaller teeth: early homo

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