socials 11 Geograhy
Terms
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- "dust bowl" of the 1930s led to
- improved farming techniques. Farmers planted trees to form wind breaks, adopted contour ploughing, and used wheat stubble and straw left after harvesting to return nutrients to the soil and help stop wind erosion.
- 2 reasons for increased population growth in the 18th and 19th century:
- 1. Increase in medical technology 2. Food
- 3 likely reasons for the later falling birth rate are
- Economic developmnt, the move to cities, and the rising standards of living
- 80% of the world's diseases are caused in some way by
- contaminated water
- A country with high dependency ratio is bad/good
- Bad (and vice versa)
- A strong indicator of the economic health of a country is
- the ratio of dependents to those of working age
- A sustainable city should balance 3 factors:
- Economy, Environment, Community health
- Agenda 21
- A statement of action to encourage the development of a sustainable world economy
- Aquifers
- An underground layer of rock that allows water to flow through it
- Aquifers are good because ____ but ____
- the farmer can pump the water whenever he needs it and it is cheaper to access than surface water; but aquifers do not recharge rapidly
- Arid zones
- Land that gets ~10cm of rain annually. On fringes of deserts
- Automobile cities
- Expand outward in all directions from city core. Roadways link the urban functions that are separated into distince zones
- Basic activities
- Activities that form a town (industries, tourism, military facilities)
- Biodiversity
- The variety of life on Earth
- Biosphere
- The zone of earth, water, and air in which we live
- Birth rate - death rate =
- Natural Increase
- Births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants =
- increase of decrease in population
- Boreal
- Northern
- Canada's annual crude birth rate:
- 11 per 1000
- Canada's annual crude death rate:
- 7 per 1000
- Canada's natural increase:
- 6 per 1000 = 0.6%
- Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
- Distributes aid projects through UN agencies, directly to governments, and through NGOs (Non-governmental organizations)
- Census
- The collection of statistics about people and activities
- Chemicals, especially _____, which have done __% of he damage, are destroying the ozone layer
- chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 80
- Children face the greatest risks here
- Africa
- Cities account for __% of the world's use of fossil fuels resulting in population and immoral excess
- 80%
- Cohorts
- Age intervals of 5 years
- Comprehensive Planned Unit
- Tearing down old buildings and constructing a planned urban unit (Granville)
- Countries with a growth rate below replacement level have a
- contracting population
- Countries with BR and DR in balance have a
- stable population
- Countries with high BR and have many children have an:
- expanding populatoin
- Crude birth rate
- Dividing the number of births in one year by population and multiplying it by 100
- crude death rate
- Dividing the number of deaths in one year by population and multiplying it by 100
- Crude densities
- Calculated by dividing the population of a country by its area
- Deforestation
- Cause of global warming because the forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and give off oxygen. Forest removal can affect wind patterns, precipitation levels, and temperatures far beyond the forests themselves. Largest clearing is in Brazil.
- Demographers are most interested in statistics because it helps them:
- predict and explain changes in society
- Demographers divide population into 3 age groups:
- Children (up to 15), working adults (16-64), and adults (65+)
- Demographers use raters per ____ when figuring population change
- thousand
- Demography
- The statistical study of human populations
- Dependency ratio
- Proportion of the population that is beign supported by the working age group
- Desertification
- Land turning into desert
- Ecumene
- Permanently inhabited places
- Fertility
- the number of children each women can have
- Fertility rate needed to replace a country's population
- 2.1
- For last 6 years of 20th century, Canada ranked ___ overall on HDI (Human Development Index)
- first
- Formula for dependency ratio
- (Young dependents[0-15] + Old dependents[65+]) / People of working Age [16-64] (then times whole thing by 100)
- GDP (gross domestic product)
- The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year
- Gentrification
- Buying up and refurbishing formerly run down areas
- Global Warming
- Caused the increased number of heat waves and rising incidence of violent storms. Polar regions are melting and sea levels are rising as a result
- Groundwater
- Underground water that is stored in aquifers
- How Canada measures poverty:
- When you are spending more than 56% of a person's or family's income on the necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing
- How do you find the doubling time of population? (rule of 70)
- 70 divided by natural increase
- How is Canada's population doing?
- BR and DR has been dropping steadily in the past 30 years, population is getting older. Trying to attract young, skilled workers and entrepreneurs to offset the aging workforce.
- How US measures poverty:
- Cost of minimum adequate diet multiplied by 3 to allow for other expenses. Approximate per capita income of $11 a day
- Hyper-arid zone
- Land that get little or no rainfall
- Infilling
- The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land
- Key to improving status of women is
- education
- Kyoto Protocol 1997
- The agreement in 1997 to lower emission of gases by 6% that contribute to global warming by 2012. Countries not meeting their reduction targets can buy credits from other countries (likely less developed) that had emossions below their allotted levels
- Land-use
- How land is used in an area (housing/business)
- Large-scale migrations affect structure of population by
- age and sex
- Main causes of shortages in water:
- Falling groundwater tables and diversion of surface supplies. They threaten world agricultural population
- Measuring of PNR based on 5 factors
- Mortality rates of children under 5, % of children moderately or severly underweight, # of children who do not attend primary school, risks from armed conflict, and risks from HIV/AIDS
- Montreal Protocol 1897
- All industrial nations agree to cut their use of CFCs. Allow countries of developing world to use CFCs until 2000 because substitutes are expensive
- Most immigrants are
- young and generally single males
- Most pollution orinigates from
- municipal, agricultural, and industrial sources
- Multi-national companies (MNC)
- A large company that operates in more than one country
- multilateral aid
- Aid funded by a number of governments and usually invovled large-scale programs
- Multiplier Effect
- The chain reaction by which the growth or decline of an economic activity results in the creation or lessening of wealth
- Net migration rate
- Number of immigrants minus the number of emigrations
- New Urbanism
- The trend to create liveable, high density downtown living
- Non basic activies
- Acitivites that exist to meet the needs of the local population (grocery stores, parks)
- Nutrional Density
- Measure of how much nutrition in calories can be produced from the land
- Only about __% of the land area of the Earth can be used for growing crops
- 11
- Only __% of the water in the world is fresh water
- 3%
- Organic cities
- To fit the physical landscape. Urban functions blend together, all shops, homes, and workplaces close to each other
- Per Capita GDP
- The average income figure for each person in a country that is calculated by dividing the gross domestic product by the population
- Permafrost
- Permanently frozen soil
- Planned cities
- To keep urban functions apart. Separate places for homes, shops, and industries
- Population density
- The number of people in a given area
- Population Pyramids
- Graph that shows the age and sex structure of a population
- pull factors
- the (good) factors that pull people into urbanized areas
- Purpose of the HDI
- To give a crude indication of different levels of economic and social development among the countries of the world
- push factors
- the (bad) factors that push people out of where they live
- Quality of life:
- Health, levels of nutrition, life expectanty, literacy, status of women and children, freedom of expression, economic freedom, and the right of a safe and clean environment
- Semi-arid zones
- Where most people live. ~30 cm of annual rain. The most endangered zone
- Site
- Physical characteristics of the land on which the city is built
- Situation
- The relationship between the city and its wider surroundings
- Soil gets dry and becomes cracked and hard, and all the ____ moves to the surface
- moisture
- Some problems because of rapid city growth:
- Pollution, disease, space
- Stage 1 of DTM
- Early Expanding/Primitive. High BR and high DR. Small/slow population growth, small natural increase. Ex: any pre-history country
- Stage 2 of DTM
- Expanding. High BR and decreasing DR. Technology and largest population growth/highest natural increase. Ex: Kenya
- Stage 3 of DTM
- Late Expanding. Decreasing BR and low DR. Largest population growth/highest natural increase. High level of technology, economic development, more education, increased status for women. Ex: China
- Stage 4 of DTM
- Stable. Decreasing BR and low DR. Excellent health care, Women have freedom, good technology, economic development, birth control. Ex: Canada, US
- Stage 5 of DTM
- Zero Population. decreasing BR and low DR. Economic development. Women choose careers over children. Ex: Austria, Japan, Germany, Hungary
- Stewardship
- Implies careful management of resources so that they are sustainable
- Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)
- A program that required an indebted country to restructure is economy by encouraging foreign investment, increasing exports, and turning government services over to the private sector in reutnr for loans from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund
- Sustainable cities
- Urban centers where decisions made do not degrade the quality of life for future inhabitants
- Technique of land reclamation:
- Covering the soil with organic matter (mulch) which protects the land. It holds moisture and prevents erosion(and evaporation) and stops rain splash erosion and dramatically reduces run off
- Terracing
- Cutting steps into the side of a valley. Helps prevent soil erosion and drought by conserving water and reducing runoff
- The Age structure of Populations helps us understand
- the reasons for changes in populations
- The Demographic Revolution
- Rapid increase in population growth after 1750 because of decreasing death rates. Increased food production so that people had better diets, hygiene and medical knowledge improved.
- The Demographic Transition Model
- Shows changes over a period of time in 3 elements (birth and death rates and trends in overall population numbers). Assumes that all countries will go through an urbanization stage
- The enviromental impact of a poplaion is based on what 3 factors?
- 1. consumption rate 2. technology 3. population size
- The Great Lakes alone conatin __% of all the surface fresh water on Earth
- 18
- The Rule of Seventy
- Convenient way to express exponential population growth is to use the length of time it would take or a population to double in size = 70 divided by growth rate (in percent) per year
- The world's population is growing at an annual rate of ____
- 15%
- The ____ system uses much less water than food irrigation
- Drop irrigation
- Tied aid
- Aid with strings attached
- Transit cities
- Made up of sub-centers linked to a city core by transportaion services
- UN ranks its member countries according to 3 measures
- adult literacy, life expectancy, and the per capita GDP
- Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)
- The principal measure of human development used by UNICEF. MOre than half of the under 5 deaths in developing countries are due to malnutrition. (Diarrhoea and malaria=imp. causes)
- UNICEf pulished Progress of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children. PNR:
- launched a new child-risk index that measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a scale of 0 to 100
- Urban functions:
- Defense, transportation, resource extration, head of navigation
- What is responsible for change in the soil? (not global warming)
- The way people manage the land
- What policy did China give out to reduce birth rates?
- The one-child policy
- Which zone is the most endangered?
- Semi-arid zones
- Why has urbanization been a recent trend in developing countries more so than developed countries?
- The process of urbanization is mostly complete in developed countries and has shifted to developing countries.
- Why is the population of cities growing 1.5 times faster than overall world population growth?
- Alot of people are coming in to the cities
- __% of the fresh water is in the form of ice caps and glaciers, and much of the remaining amount is underground
- 78%
- ___ is the only gas in the atmosphere that can block the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun
- Ozone