history voc ch 4

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Quakers: one of the most despised religious groups in England. They believed that all people were equal in God's sight
William Penn: Founder of Pennsylvania and he was a Quaker. He believed that all people-men and women, nobles and commoners- were equal in God's sight.
Tutor: A private teacher. Some people in the Southern Colonies lived far from one another to bring children together in one school building. The wealthiest planters sent their sons to school in England.
Great Awakening: In 1730s & 1740s, a religious movement that swept through the colonies. Its drama and emotion touched women and men of all backgrounds and classes.
Tidewater: An area of low land washed by ocean tides. This land that had gentle slopes and rivers offered rich farmland for plantations in the Southern colonies of South Carolina and Georgia.
General Court: An assembly of male church members who elected representatives and granted the right to vote for governor to all men who were church members.
Thomas Hooker: A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.
Common: Open field where cattle grazed at the center of each village.
John Winthrop: He set up the Massachusetts Bay colony; He was a lawyer and a devout Christin, who sailed to North America on the Arbella and assured the 1,000 colonists aboard the ship that their new colony would set an example to the world.
Legislature: A group of people who had the power to make laws.
Puritans: A religious group who did not want to separate from the Church of England, but instead they hoped to reform the church by introducing simpler forms of worship. Thy wanted to do away with many practices inherited from the Roman Catholic church. John Winthrop and his followers were part of the Puritans.
Export: Trade or goods sent to markets outside a country.
Toleration: a willingness to let others practice thier own religious beliefs and customs.
Backcountry: The area of land along the eastern slopes of the appalachia Mountains that Germand and Scotch-Irish settler traveled. Settlers followed an old Iroquois trail that was known as the Great Wagon Road.
Lord Baltimore: He was the son of Sir George Calvert. Cecil was his name. His father planned to build a colony of Maryland where Catholic could practice thier religion freely. His father died before his colony could get underway. so Cecil pushed on with hte project.
Great Wagon Road: An old Iroquiois trail that German and Scotch-Irish settlers followed on the way to Philadelphia. They traveld west into the backcountry, which is an area of land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains.
Libel: The act of publishing a statement that unjustly damages a person's reputation.
Import: Trade products or goods brought into a country.
Johnathan Edwards: A New England preacher who set off the Great Awakening. His powerful sermons, called on young colonists to examine their lives. He preached of the sweetness and beauty of God. At the same time, he warned listeners to heed the Bible's teaching. Otherwise, they would be "sinners in the hands of an angry God," headed for the fiery torments of hell.
Great Migration: The movement of people-15,000 men, women, and children, from England to Massachusetts between 1629-1640.
Metacom: Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675.
Indentured servant: The lowest social class which also included hired farmhands, and slaves. These people signed contracts to work without wages for four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage to the colonies in America. When their term of service was completed they received "freedom dues": a set of clothes, tools, and 50 acreas of land. Some rose to Middle class.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: A plan of government that the settlers wrote in 1639. First the Fundamental Orders gave the vote to all men who were property owners, including those who were not church members and Second, the Fundamental Orders limited the governor's power. It expanded the idea of representative government in the English Colonies.
Town meeting: an assembly where settlers discussed and voted on many issues.;;session in which citizens discuss and vote on local community issues.
Mason-Dixon Line: Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. It also divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies.
John Peter Zenger: This man published the Weekly Journal in New York City. He was arrested in 1734, for publishing stories that criticized the governor. He was put on trial for libel, tha act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a person's reputation. His lawyer argued that , since the stories were true, his client had not committed libel. The jury agreed and freed him. -----Freedom of the Press would later become recognized as a basic American right.
James Oglethorpe: He was a soldier and energetic reformer who founded Georgia in 1732. He wanted the new colony to be a place where debtors, or people who owed money they could not pay back, could make a new start.
Triangular Trade: A three-sided trade route involving New England, the West Indies and Africa.
Racism: The belief that one race is superior to another.
Patroon: An owner of a huge estate in New Netherland.
Yankee: A nickname for merchants from New England who dominated colonial trade.
George Whitefield: In 1739, this English minister arrived in the colonies and the Great Awakening spread like wildfire. He called on sinners to repent. (Repent means to be sorry for something you have done wrong-a sin-and to change your ways for the better.
Proprietary colony: Colony given by the English king to one or more people, --proprietors--in exchange for a yearly payment.
Plantation: A large farm with many workers on which rice or tobacco was grown. Many of the workers were slaves and did most of the work in the fields. Some where skilled workers, such as carpenters, barrel makers, or blacksmiths or cooks, servants or housekeepers.
Enlightenment: This movement by European thinkers of the late 1600s and 1700s believed that reason and scientific methods could be applied to the study of society. They tried to discover the natural laws that governed human behavior. These thinkers believed in the light of human reason.
Proprietor: A person who was given control of a colony and the right to divide the land and rent it to others. They made laws for the colony but had to respect the rights of colonists under English law.
Debtor: A person who owed money that he could not pay back.
Breadbasket Colonies: the Middle colonies where called this because they exported so much grain, such as wheat, barley and rye.
Roger Williams: He fled to Rhode Island. He believed in religious toleration and that the Puritans church had too much power in Massachusetts. His view was that the business of the church and state should be completely separate.
Navigation Acts: This was passed in the 1650s by the English Parliament. It regulated trade between England and its colonies. The purpose of these laws was to ensure that only England benefited from colonial trade.
Benjamin Franklin: He was the best example of the Enlightenment spirit in the 13 colonies. He was born in 1706 to a poor Boston soap and candle maker. He had only 2 years of formal schooling, he used his spare time to study literature, mathematics, and foreign languages. At the age of 17, he moved to Philadelphia were he built a successful printing business. His most popular publication was "Poor Richard's Almanac." It was published yearly and it contained useful information and clever quotes, such as "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."
Mercantilism: The economic theory that states that a nation becomes strong by building up its gold supply and expanding trade.
Peter Stuyvesant: Governor of New Netherland who swore to defend the city. He made himself so unpopular with his harsh rule and heavy taxes that the colonists refused to help him. In the end, he surrendered without firing a shot.
Apprentice: A person who learns a trade or a craft worked from a master.
English Bill of Rights: In 1689, the bill that William and Mary signed, protected the rights of individuals and gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury; It also stated that a ruler could not raise taxes or an army without the approval of Parliament.
Bill of Rights: A written list of freedoms that a government promises to protect.
Anne Hutchinson: She helped Roger Williams;she was ordered to leave Massachusetts Bay colony because Puritan leaders that she was "deluded by the Devil" after she told them that God spoke directly to her.
Buffer: Land located between two larger lands that reduces the possibility of conflict between them.
Gentry: Highest social class in the 13 English colonies. Top of the social classes of colonial America-included wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and royal officials. They could afford to dress elegantly in the latest fashions from London.
Dame School: Private schools run by women in their own homes that some girls in the New England colonies attended.
Act of Toleration: In 1649, this act provided religious freedom for all Christians. As in many colonies, this freedom did not extend to Jews.
Public School: A school supported by taxes. These schools allowed both rich and poor children to receive an education. The first school was in Massachusetts.
Glorious Revolution: In 1688, colonists won more rights as a result of this. parliament removed King James II from the throne and asked William and Mary of the Netherland to rule.
Bacon's Rebellion: An uprising that lasted a short time. Nathaniel Bacon, a yound planter, organized angry men and women on the frontier. He raided Native american villages. Then, he led his followers to Jamestown and burned the capital.
Slave Code: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights. These laws treated Africans not as humans beings but as property.
Sabbath: A holy day of rest in some religions.
Pennsylvania Dutch: German-speaking Protestants who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Pennsylvania.
Gullah: A language that African Americans spoke which had a distinctive combination of English and West African language.
Royal colony: A colony under the control of the English crown. In 1702, New Jersey became this kind of colony. The colony's charter protected religious freedom and the rights of an assembly that voted on local matters.
Indigo: Settlers in southern Carolina learned to raise this plant used to make a valuable blue dye.
Cash crop: surplus of crops that are sold for money at market in the Middle Colonies--wheat, barley, and rye.
Mary Musgrove: She helped James Oglethorpe and she was the daughter of a Creek mother and an English father, who spoke both Creek and English. She helped to keep peace between the Creeks and the settlers in Georgia.

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