Ch. 16 IDS

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Indian Peace Commission: established in 1867 by Congress, it composed of both soldiers and civilians, to recommend a new and presumably permanent Indian policy. The commission recommended that the government move all the Plains tribes into two large reservations, one in Oklahoma, and the other in the Dakotas
Plains Indians: the most widespread Indian groups in the West; made up of many different tribal and language groups, most subsisted by hunting buffalo, which they used for many supplies, and by constructing and living in tepees.
Dawes Severalty Act: Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.
Annie Oakley: in order to create the popular image of the West, the show of Buffalo Bill Cody included re-enactments of Indian battles, displays of horsemanship, and riflery, mostly of this famous sharpshooter.
Stephen Kearney: established anglo- american based government in New Mexicon territory
"treaty chiefs": when the government changed their policy on the Indians, and assigned all the tribes their own defined reservations, they confirmed individual treaties through these unauthorized "representatives", chosen illegitimately by whites.
Little Crow: during the civil war, he led Sioux Indians, who were angry about being cramped on a small reservation, in a rebellion that killed more than 700 whites before being subdued by a force of regulars and militiamen; 38 Indians were hanged and the tribe was exiled to the Dakotas.
Juan Cortina: after similar conditions in Mexico developed, as they had in California, in 1859, angry Mexicans, led by this rancher, raided the jail in Brownsville and freed all the Mexican prisoners inside; resistance had little effect, and Mexicans in Texas became an increasingly impoverished working class relegated largely to the unskilled farm or industrial labor.
Owen Wister/ The Virginian: this western novel of 1902 romanticized the cowboy's supposed freedom from traditional social constraints, his courage compassion, affinity with nature, even his supposed propensity for violence.
Workingmens Party/ Denis Kearney: Kearney, an Irish Immigrant, created this part in support of the political value of attacking the Chinese; he gained significant political power in the state in large part on the basis of its hostility to the Chinese.
Geronimo: when Cochise died in1874, he took over the Apaches and fought on for more than a decade longer, establishing bases in the mountains of Arizona and Mexico and leading warriors in intermittent raids against white outposts, but as the raids continued, the Apache forces dwindled , when he recognized the odds of continuing the fight, he surrendered.
Transcontinental Railroad: Using the many Chinese immigrants as cheap laborers, who made few demands, to do the arduous and often dangerous work for the Central Pacific, in 1869, the railroad that had supplied so many with jobs, was completed, increasing white movement to the west.
Mark Twain/ Huck Finn: through this novel, he gave voice to the romantic vision of the "last" frontier, in which he produced characters who repudiated the constraints of organized society and attempted to escape into a more natural world, for Huck Finn, the vehicle of escape was a small raft on the Mississippi, but the yearning for freedom reflected a larger vision of the West as the last refuge form the constraints of civilization.
Barrios: where many Mexican and Mexican Americans of the California region ended up living as the lower end of the state's working class, mostly in Los Angeles.
Hamlin Garland: an author that reflected the growing disillusionment of farming in a series of novels and short stories( ex. Jason Edwards), saying that the agrarian frontier seemed to be the Golden West; a land of freedom, wealth and happiness, but the image of a farmer was declining in a rising urban-industrial society.
Wounded Knee Massacre: on December 29, 1890 when the 7th Cavalry tried to round up a group of Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, fighting broke out and both white soldiers and Indians were killed, and even if the first shot was by a Sioux, the battle became one sided as the whites turned their machine guns upon them and mowed them down.
Homestead Act: This law, passed in 1862, stated that a settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and pay a minimal fee of $30.00 just for living on it for five years and settling it. A settler could acquire it for only six months and pay $1.25 an acre. This was important because previously land was being sold for profit and now it was basically being given away. About half a million families took advantage of this offer. Unfortunately, it was often too good to be true and the land was ravaged by drought and hard to cultivate.
Nez Perce/ Chief Joseph: a small and peaceful tribe, they were able to live in Oregon until the 1870's without disturbance, then however the were forced to move to a reservation. On their way there several younger Indians, drunk and angry, killed four white settlers. The leader, Chief Joseph led many of them past American troops, towards Canada, to avoid retribution. Just short of Canada they were stopped and Joseph surrendered the fight.
Joseph Glidden/I.L. Ellwood: these two farmers solved the problem of finding fencing materials when they began developing and marketing barbed wire, which became standard equipment on the plains and revolutionized fencing practices all over the country and the world.
Apache Wars/ Mangas Colorados/ Cochise: the last Indians to maintain organized resistance against the whites, participated in the most violent of all Indian conflicts, they were led by the 2 ablest and fiercest chiefs; Mangas Colorados and Cochise. After Mangas was murdered during the Civil War, Cochise agreed to peace in exchange for a reservation that included some of the tribe's traditional land.
"tongs": secret societies or organizations of Chinese immigrants, some were violent criminal organizations and involved the opium trade and prostitution, and few people outside of the groups were aware of their existence, except for members of rival groups who engaged in violent conflict or tong wars.
Promontory Point, Utah: the place of meeting of the two lines of railroad that completed the transcontinental line, created a dramatic and monumental achievement.
Black Kettle/ J.M. Chivington/ Sand Creek Massacre: in response to an invitation, some members of Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians camped near Fort Lyon, where led by Colonel J.M. Chivington, a volunteer militia force, consisting of unemployed miners, many of whom were apparently drunk, and to the unsuspecting camp they killed 133 people, 105 women and children.
"coolies": chinese indentured servants whose conditions were close to slavery, who moved to Hawaii, Australia, Latin America, South Africa, and the Caribbean.
Californios: the Hispanic residents of California, lost most of their power to resist the U.S. acquisition of the land, due to the fact that there were so many English- speaking immigrants. So many ended up loosing their lands, either through corrupt business deals or through outright seizure.
Annaconda Copper Mine/ William Clark: this great mine launched in 1881, marked the beginning of an industry that would remain important to Montana for many decades, as other areas would have success with mining lead, tin, quartz, and zinc.
Frederick Jackson Turner: historian, he provided the clearest and most influential statement of the vision of the frontier in a memorable paper which he delivered to a meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago in 1893 entitled "the Significance of the Frontier in American History," His claims included that the experience of expansion into the frontier had stimulated individualism, nationalism and democracy, and kept the opportunity of advancement alive.
Buffalo Bill Cody: one of the most successful shows of that popularized the idea of the Wild West, consisted of, a former Pony Express rider and Indian fighter and the hero of popular dime novels for children, as it romanticized the West and the life of the cowboy.
Crazy Horse: when whites began to penetrate some of the lands that the Sioux Indians had claim to, the left their reservation and refused to return until they united under two great leaders Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.
Chinese Exclusion Act: in 1882, Congress responded to the political pressure and growing violence against the Chinese, and they passed this act, which banned Chinese immigration into the U.S. for ten years and barred Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens, greatly decreasing the Chinese population in the following years.
"Rocky Mountain School"/ Albert Bierstadt/ Thomas Moran: these painters celebrated the new West in grandiose canvases, some of which were taken on tours around the eastern and Midwestern states and attracted enormous crowds, eager to see the Great West for themselves.
Frederic Remington: painter and sculptor, his works portrayed the cowboy as a natural aristocrat, living in a natural world in which all the normal supporting structures of "civilization" were missing.
"Indian hunting": not only the United States military harassed the tribes in the west, there was also unofficial violence by white vigilantes who engaged in killing Indians, either because of raids on their communities, or because of their goal to eliminate the tribes.
Taos Indian Rebellion: in 1847, before the new government in New Mexico was established; a group of Taos Indians rebelled, killing the new governor and other Anglo- American officials before being subdued by the United States Army forces.
Wovoka/ ghost dance: the Sioux Indians looked towards a prophet as almost all Indian Civilizations had done during trying times, this time it was Wovoka, a Paiute who inspired a spiritual awakening from Nevada to the plains. Its emphasis was on the coming of a messiah, but its most conspicuous feature was a mass, emotional "ghost dance" which inspired ecstatic and mystical visions among participants.
Red Cloud: when whites in Montana tried to build a road connecting a fort and a mining center (Bozeman Trail) through the buffalo range of the Sioux, he led a group of western Sioux and they harried the soldiers and construction party so much that the road could not be used.
"Range Wars": As sheep breeders from California and Oregon brought their flocks to the open range, farmers tried to throw fences around their claims, blocking trails and breaking up the land, this led to a series of conflicts between sheepmen and cattlemen, and between ranchers and farmers.
Sitting Bull/ Colonel Custer/ Battle of Bighorn: after the Sioux fled their reservation and united in a new resistance, the colonel of the famous 7th cavalry, George A. Custer led three army columns who were set to round up the Sioux and send them back to the reservation. They met in southern Montana in 1876, and the large army led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, surprised Custer, surrounded them and killed everyman. But because of the trouble with keeping the troops united, and the army ran them down, returning them to Dakota, their power quickly collapsed and they were forced to accept their fate.
Comstock Lode: first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 39