geoanfmagdag

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Relational view of space: - Space is not something that just exists, space is not a container and space is constructed.

- All processes happen in space and an event that occurs in one space has consequences or reprecautions in another space since space is not bounded

- Problems with oil manifest themselves elsewhere

- Thinking of space relationally also involves how it is absolutely a question of power

- The most marginalized people are the one's that fell the reprecautions of the actions of powerful people
Sense of place: - Sense of place is a humanstic perspective on space

- As we think about space, we develop a sense of place

- Every human has the ability to have a sense of place because we have senses and can see and feel things
First Nature: First nature is nature at its purest form.

Untouched and unmodified by human activity.

It no longer exists because humans are everywhere and we are trying to create profit from nature by using it as a commodity.
Second nature: Second nature is how nature exists now. Created and designed by humans which is not natural.

It is produced through humans acquiring their resources from nature which changes nature from its original state.

The is also a power relation in second nature because only certain people with power can change it. Nature is now a commodity.
Use value: Use value and exchange value is an essential part to commodities because its what gives them their value.

Use value is the quality of the commodity and what makes it useful to the individual that has it.

If someone were to give an item to someone that they didn't has a use for they wouldn't use it and it would be expendable.

The price of a commodity jumps when people have a use for it.
Exchange value: Use value and exchange value is an essential part to commodities because its what gives them their value.

Exchange value is related to capitalism and how we can sell commodities or exchange them to get money for it.
Why do we talk about use and exchange value?: Because it allows us to think about relation in different ways

Humans produce nature, they don't only dominate it.

Producing it under capitalism because we need things to survive and these goods are being produces under capitalism.
Hist materialism: There is a connection between humans and nature

This connection has a relation to capitalism and its natural laws which is called historical materialism

It is a historical element to how materials are organized in our world, how materials take the shape they do and what the implications are.

It offers a history on how this came about because it is organized under capitalism and social structures are created to maintain it.

Relation to natural laws of capitalism. Capitalism always needs to be making constant profit.
Idealist definition of scale: Scale is not very natural anymore, time and space is not real

Space is a constructed idea we come up with in our head of the world

There is no such thing as real scale, it helps us make sense in our lives categorizing books. It's ideal

Scale is a mental fiction. We call scale however we want

According to Peter Haggett it makes up ideas to help us order our world.
Scale jumping: Scale jumping is the process of moving up called up scaling or down called down scaling on the constructed scale of power.

The scale is from the local to regional, national and global.

There is an implicit assumption that the bigger the scale the more important it is, but this is not true. It is a more meaningful system where each level is important.

It is an important method that is using for social movements because if one area is involved it effects the others.
Glocal: In the word we see a blend of the words global and local.

It is related to glocalization which is about how local policies have global implications.

Both scales impact each other because the local is equal to the global and the global is equal to the local.

If we think about scale as a hierarchy they seem far apart, but in reality they aren't.

An example is how McDonalds in Dehli is different from McDonalds in New York.
Symbolic landscape: Meinig was interested in symbolic landscapes which encompass the thought of how things are arranged

We see how things are arranged in certain places of the world without actually going to them to see ourselves

These areas are conceptualized and are usually idealised landscapes

Idealised landscapes are what we see on postcards, calendars, etc. That show an idealised view of an area

Symbolic landscapes and how things are arranged are important because these images that we see structure the way we think a certain place should look like

It also prompts us to think about a nation's history and values. Which show what a nation is about and how policies are made.
Oil and effects on community and body: - We have now become oil

- The cars we drive, the clothes we wear, the energy we use, the food we eat

- We have transformed oil for many uses

- Oil reaches from the scale of the human body to the world and beyond

- It is a topic of big debate because it essentially makes up our lives. Without it what would society look like?

- It causes wars as we see what is happening with Iran, Syria, China, Russia and the US. There is a big power struggle for who gets it. Whoever gets it has power.

- As we saw in Ecuador the community's rights were disregarded and their lands was ruined. There was a story in the article of how a woman's on became severely ill
Four different kinds of space (that geographers are currently write about) as defined by Nigel Thrift: Empirical Space. Is about going out and doing. Creating space through empirical processes such as measuring distances. Colonialism is an important part of empirical space because it involves standardization which is uniformity of distance. Civilizations needed to be conquered in order to impose these measures. This is why we are able to have things like Google maps and road signs which are standardized.

Unblocking Space. Is about how certain events in one place affect another place. In order to explain a space that is studied through unblocking space, a geographer would say this place or space looks the way it does because of processes that are operating such as capitalism. It attributes a cause and asks us to unblock ridged boundaries and allow more ways to think in.

Image Space. Images are becoming more and more important in our modern world. So every day in our lives places are saturated with images and we imagine and create places and spaces through them.

Place Space. Is about thinking of space as place. We think of aspects of our world that we can see such as a building, we have senses through our natural register of the classroom. We can smell food from somewhere but we imaging someplace else.
Geographyâ€™s role in formation of (colonial) empires and consolidation of nation states: The navigational and cartographic skills of the geographer during the heroic age of exploration and discovery paved the way for European military and commercial colonization of the Americas, Asia and Africa. Their principal geographic too was the map. The map was the European imperial projects most potent device. The process of mapping claimed appropriation which gave their empire power over these lands because they mapped them out. In the seventeenth century, the era of the scientific revolution, the foundations of modern science were being established and institutions for geography were coming about. Geography was growing in educational systems at universities which reflected its status as an intellectual arena. Institutional structures such as the Royal Geographical Society of England inspired other countries such as France and Germany to create their own societies during the exploratory period to sponsor exploration and discovery.
Differences between geography as navigation and geography as exploration: When Geographers are setting sail for the purpose of scientific sources which is the self-conscious pursuit of discovery they are interested in navigation. Travel and trade, discovering new land, finding routes to old lands navigational missions. Expanding our horizons to obtain more knowledge and change our self image. Geography as navigation gave way to geography as exploration with a new language and rationale.

When geographers are interested in constructing space and place, they are interested in exploration. They create an organized scientific pursuit based on detailed assessments of the human and environmental characteristics of different regions. There are scientific objectives and savants go on these journeys as well.
Feminist perspective on women in geography i.e. womenâ€™s travels and their geographical accounts.: The stories of women explorers have been omitted from official histories of geography. Many of them were born into British upper-middle class families of the Victorian era. But thankfully for them exploration as open to anyone with adequate resources. Women travelers were thought to not truly be adding to geographic knowledge. They were not surveying new lands and therefore could not qualify for membership to societies. They were not sponsored by institutions either. Women travels went out for discovery but not specifically discovering new lands. They were free to explore in the broadest sense. Their routes were often circular, appearing to have no definite destinations. They often took the form of what stoddart calls planned journeys, of which the aim is simply to proceed between known points with no suggestion of adding to knowledge other than through traversing unfamiliar routes. The women spoke of empowerment they felt when exploring and didnâ€™t enjoy it when they went back home. Because when at home they were powerless from gender. But while exploring they were powerful due to race. Sympathetic observers, seeing things other explorers might have missed. They did exploration based on subjective experience and it is where women claimed they provided their value. In order to be taken seriously the women identified themselves as men with male titles to appear professional. They got emotional satisfaction out of discovery and werenâ€™t in it for the title of pride. Descriptions, interpretation, subjective knowledge. Reflexive in our writing.
Smith and Oâ€™Keefe argue that labor process under capitalism dissolves the dualism posited between nature and society.: Building upon this they posit the thesis of â€œproduction of natureâ€. You should be able to elaborate upon this thesis. Smith and Oâ€™Keefe argue this because Marx relates the commodities produced from natures products solely based on use value. We live in a world and thus there must be a relationship between man and nature in order to sustain life. We should only be using nature if we need something and it has a use. But production and capitalism isnâ€™t solely for use, it is mostly for things we want in life and we abuse the relation between society and nature because we speak about expansion, growth, progress, economic change more and more capital and it is unnatural. There is also a divide between nature and society because not all people can use nature anymore. Before in ancient times we were able to hunt and sustain ourselves freely. But not there are people in power who can alter nature, people without the means canâ€™t do it.
JB Harleyâ€™s use of discourse/ iconological approach to understand maps as value-laden images and move beyond binary oppositions in the critique of maps.: JB Harley teaches us how to read maps as texts images and what is says broadly about our social worlds. The first is through discourse. Discourse helps us think about how certain kinds of ideas become the common way of knowing about something. Harley wants us to turn away from the commonly known way of maps and evaluate this discourse so that we can get a better understanding. Second, Harley speaks about Iconology so that we can find a deeper meaning to something rather than just seeing what is on the surface. For example in that article symbols were spoken of. Using a globe or a map as symbolism in classical times. Statues of emperors would hold the globe or an orb to demonstrate power and sovereign rights. These paintings proclaimed the divine right of political control, the emblem of the globe indicating the world-wide scale on which it could be exercised and for which it was desired. Harley also goes on to speak about maps as a social product. When we think about the state. There is a connection between power and knowledge. Cartographic knowledge gives us the power to do things such as explore. Maps are controlled by the state and only certain people can access it.
Different types of map distortions (i.e. deliberate distortions and unconscious distortions) and the political implications and social consequences of such distortions as elaborated by Harley.: Deliberate distortions are deployed when a state wants to continue its sovereign rights over a place it no longer owns. In the process this state creates maps which depict the structure of a country in a certain way usually much smaller to maintain this dominance over the land. Unconscious distortions are deployed as maps with portray common sense such as when we see a map in schools. The video we saw in class about the gall peters projects shows how certain countries on a map are in reality bigger than others but are portrayed as smaller typically due to power relations and how powerful the country is on an international stage. The country is really bigger but we accept it as common sense. Why is the north on the top instead of the bottom? Mercator projection. How is it centered with Europe in the middle?
Discourse/ iconological analysis of automobile road maps produced by oil companies.: In the beginning of American automobile, maps were not really needed. Later companies were giving out maps for marketing. Modernity during the times of the automobile was defined by a fabulous life and fabulous cars. It seems bizarre now to not have a gas station spread out every so often. Modernity is designed to push everything we want to the limit and so we use these tools and oil often. Finding yourself on a journey was one of the big messages being embedded into peopleâ€™s minds and it is made possible through the accumulation of capital. Oil companies were banking on this, creating a lot of gas stations, picture of nice adventurous paths to go on. Even today we see car commercials such as with jeeps driving around in the wilderness. Getting away from I all is enmeshed in capital and oil.
Materialistâ€™s conception of scale (includes production of scale as well as construction of scale).: The materialist scale is real which is why it is called materialist. Itâ€™s not something we make up to give us structure. National, urban there are real things happening at those levels. Scale is produced. For example what is the national scale of Falkland? Is it belonging to the British or the Argentinean? What we think is national scale today might not be national scale tomorrow. Scale reflects something out there in the world, but it is constructed through actions of capitalism. A rule of capitalism is that it needs to expand and get as big as possible. Scale comes through production because of capitalism. Fixity and mobility explain production of scale. The mobility aspect goes to places for more money. Fixity in capitalism is about investing, building factories, fixing themselves in certain places. If a better opportunity was to come up to make more profit, the company canâ€™t just leave, money was already invested in this place. We may have the desire to move but we canâ€™t always move. It has to do with scale because scale is determined through this tension between mobility and fixity. Scale is produces by making sure a place remains profitable. Scale is socially constructed because it is real with real consequences.
Scalar strategies deployed by oil companies and residents of Ecuadorian Amazon to achieve their respective goals (namely, profit for oil companies and social/ environmental justice for residents).: The oil company of Texaco deployed scale jumping to achieve their goals because if the oil pools were in Texas, US laws would make sure they abide by them to clean up, but since they are in Ecuador their environmental responsibility doesnâ€™t extent from Ecuador and they know this. They abused scales by using a smaller scale subsidy of their company to pin the blame of not cleaning up on it so they could get away with it. For the Ecuadorian Amazon residents they scale jumped to an international level because they felt they were phantom citizens because their countryâ€™s government was not democratic at the time and they felt they had no rights in their native country. By scale jumping, they were able to file a lawsuit in the US and the trial gained international notoriety. But Chevron was pushing it back to Ecuador because they didnâ€™t want to pay as much money in the lawsuit if they were to lose.
The three prominent symbolic landscapes of America: New England
Idealistic cleaned up version of how we want the world to see us when they do. Values of English people that were brought over when they travelled here. It is associated with god, family with the steeples on the churches. Nature, conservative, pastoral green, community, houses are close, it is stable.Continuity Stability Cohesion Intimate Family friendly God-friendly Morally conscious Industrious

Main Street
Has a linear order of the streets running east west. Classified by economic areas, classic Victorian style. It is mixed with commercial and residential areas. Has spaces of meeting, more dynamic than new England and organized. Obama example in class wall street vs Main Street. These landscapes have power and he is fighting to represent them for votes.

Suburbs of California
Automobiles, sprawl, lawns, cookie cutter. A very individualistic mindset, home and automobile ownership. The suburbs embodies the symbol of individualism, you should enjoy privacy in home to have your own personality in the home.

Why the landscapes matter? Because they travel, The US has enormous amounts of ways for people to thrive and for example this individualistic message of home ownership tells everyone this is how life should be and you should have it too which led to the home crisis of the US. They had the highest level of individual credit card debt because they wanted the idealized life.
The political economy of American lawns (i.e. lawns, oil and capitalism).: Lawns are places that people made a second nature. They are varying seasonal because the lawn is only really cared for during the summer and spring. If there are contracting businesses this is when they make the most profit. Seasons act as barriers to capital growth and capitalism always wants to expand and grow. They encourage aggressive maintenance of lawns to make more profits. The first sign of a little weed and weâ€™re running to the store to find a way to kill it. There are many constraints stopping these businesses from making a profit because of safety regulations so they use aggressive measures.
American lawns and turfgrass subjects.: To be considered a true homeowner you have to have an interest in the lawn. All lawns take up 23% of urban land cover and within it they contain power, values, and ideology. Caring and responsibility, lazy, donâ€™t care about how they are portrayed, what kind of person you are is shown. Responsible and hard working. People who maintain their lawn are called turfgrass subjects. They are under the control of the turfgrass and at the same time are subject to freely act as they like. You as a person are represented through your lawn and you demonstrate what kind of person you are to the community through it. So the lawn knows this and has the power to control you yelling for you to come and take care of it. Now you are involved in the capitalism of the lawn.

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Number of cards 26

Created By bobbobbob