Chapter 7
Terms
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- Ptolemy
- a scientist and scholar from the great egyptian city of Alexandria who developed a system of astronomy and geography-the Ptolemaic system
- martyrs
- persons put to death for their beliefs
- Horace
- wrote of human emotions in odes, satires, and epistles
- rabbis
- religious scholars of Judaism
- Hannibal
- one of the greatest generals of all time; assembled a huge Cathaginian army that included foot soldiers, horse sodiers, and elephants.
- Virgil
- lived during Augustus's reign, the greatest of the Roman poets
- Attila
- leader of the huns
- Gaius Marius
- a Roman general who was elected consul in 107 and brought major changes to the Roman political scene
- Cleopatra
- a daughter of the rulerng Ptolemy family, on the throone as a Roman ally
- gladiators
- trained fighters, usually slaves, who fought in arenas as entertainment
- Jesus
- a Jewish teacher of Nazareth who taught Christianity
- checks and balances
- system of government that prevents any one part of the government from becoming too powerful
- Goths
- invaders who flooded into the empire. they were treated badly and revolted
- Punic Wars
- Three costly conflicts btwn Romans and Carthaginians over control of the Mediterranean and overseas expansion
- Galen
- a physician whho wrote several volumes that summarized all the medical knoledge of his day.
- pope
- title assumed by the patriarch of Rome and head of the catholic church; from the latin word meaning "father"
- veto
- refuse to approve, as in a bill or law
- bishops
- heads of the catholic church in major cities
- consuls
- chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome
- triumvirate
- political alliance of three rulers
- inflation
- rise in prices caused by a decrease in the calue of the medium of exchange
- Spartacus
- a slave who revolted and died in battle
- Scipio
- the Roman gerneral in Africa who defeated Hannibal
- Five Good Emperors
- five rulers who led Rome for almost 100 years during the Pax Romana
- republic
- form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state
- Gnaeus Pompey
- a popular general who joined with caesar allong with lincinius crassus
- Ovid
- wrote love and lyrics and Metamorphoses
- the Gracchi
- two brothers Tiverus and Gaius
- Pax Romana
- a period during Augustus' reign. "Roman Peace"
- praetors
- elected roman officals who helpted the consuls
- Plutarch
- a Greek, wrote Parrallel Lives
- Lucius Cornelius Sulla
- was elected consul. after his term expired, he wanted to take a military command that promised to gain him great fame and fortune.
- censors
- Roman officals who registered citizens according to their wealth
- Diocletian
- a general in the ROman army, was made emperor. an able administrator who realized that the empire had grown too large for one person to manage.
- patriarchs
- bishops of the administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman empire
- Julio-Claudian Emperors
- relatices of Julius Caesar who ruled hte empire after the death of Augustus
- tribunes
- officals elected by Rome's popular assemblies
- Marc Antony
- a general and ally of Caesar's. drove out the conspirators and took control in Rome
- Huns
- nomadic people from asia who lived by raiding the plundering
- patricians
- powerful landowners who controlled Romand government and society
- Vandals
- Crossed the border with little opposition and proved to be a serious threat to the empire
- aqueducts
- bridgelike structures that carry water
- dictator
- absolute ruler
- plebeians
- Farmers and workers who made up most of the Roman population
- Augustus ( Octavian )
- caesars grandnephew who worked with antony and divided the Roman world. Octavian too the east as Antony took the west
- Tacitus
- Great Roman historian and wrote Annals
- Constantine
- supported Christianity throughout the empire; created a new capital city in the east called Constantinope
- Julius Caesar
- a newphew of Marius and was a popular general. he was a powerful public speaker who spent a great deal of money to win support.
- equites
- class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power