AP Bio Ch34-Vertebrate phyla and terms
Terms
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- chordata
- notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail
- notochord
- flexible rod b/t digestive tube and nerve cord, provides skeletal support, nucleus propulsus is only remain in human
- nerve chord
- dorsal, hollow, develops from ectoderm, develops into central nervous system
- pharyngeal slits
- in the pharynx, just posterior to mouth, have become modified for gas exchange, jaw support, and hearing
- postanal tail
- digestive tract stops short of a muscular tail, used for locomotion in marine species
- Subphylum Urochordata
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1.tunicates
2.adult form is sessile and has no characteristics of chordates except slits
3.larval form has all characterisctics, undergoes metamorphosis and loses 3 - Subphylum Cephalochardata
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1.lancelets
2.borrow in sand
3.all 4 characteristic in simplest form - Craniates
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1.includes hagfish and vertebrates
2.cranium (skull)
3.elaboration of brain
4.paired sensory organs on head
5.neural crest cells - Vertebrates
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1.and animals w/ bones/cartilage skeletons
2.Vertebral column
3.Gnathostomes-jawed mouth animals (excludes lamprays) - hypothesis of the evolution of jaws
- from skeletal rods that supported mouth, to large specialized jaws
- Agnathans
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Hagfish and Lamprays
1.no jaws
2.marine and freshwater (lampray only)
3.no paired appendages
4.cartilage skeletons - Class Chondrichthyes
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Sharks and Rays
1.mostly cartilage skeleton fortified w/ mineralized granules and bony teeth
2.well developed jaws and paired fins
3.acute senses-lateral line system
4.internal fertilization, reproduce all three ways - oviparous
- lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body
- ovoviviparous
- retain fertilized egg in oviduct, hatch in uterus
- viviparous
- give live birth, placental nourishment
- Osteichthyes
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bony fish
1.swim bladder-lung derivitve, allows fish to stay suspended w/o movement
2.lateral line
3.subdivided by fins: ray finned, lobe finned (coelocanth), lung fish
4.external fertilization, eggs lack shells - Class Amphibia
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Salamanders, frogs, caecilians
1.dual life of frogs-tadpole in water, adult on land, reproduce in water
2.eggs lack shells, external fertilization
3.decline in population-maybe due to global warming and a fungus in stomachs - Amniotes
- have 4 extraembryonic membranes, answer to reproduction on land (internally), replitian heritage evident in all classes
- Classical model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
reptiles in class reptilia
birds in class aves - Lumpers model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
birds and reptiles in class reptilia - Splitters model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
each kind of reptile has own class
birds in class aves - Reptilia
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3 accepted classes w/i group, turtles, lizards and snakes, crocs and alligators
1.ectotherms-cold blooded
2.extinct groups-dinosaurs(some endotherms), pterosaurs, and other marine reptiles
3.scales
4.oviparous - Aves
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Birds
1.very closely related to reptiles, 'dinos w/ feathers'
2.feathers
3.flightless-underdeveloped wings or wings developed for swimming
4.flight-hollow bones, muscular, specialized feathers, airfoil wings
5.oviparous - Mammalia
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1.mammary lands-produce milk
2.hair/fur-made of keratin
3.endothermic
4.efficiant respiratory and ciculatory sytems-4 chambered heart
5.internal fertilization
6.larger brains
7.jaws and ears - Evolution of mammalian jaws and ears
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1.jaw became one bone, stronger
2. articular and quadrate of reptile skull became malleus and incus of mammalian ear - Monotremes
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Platypuses and echidnas
1.oviparous-lay eggs
2.have hair and produce milk
3.found only in Australia and New Guinea - Marsupials
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Opossums, kangaroos, bandicoots, koalas
1.born early in development
2.completes development while nursing in a pouch
3.most found in Australia, only opossum found in Americas
4.marsupials in Australia have filled eutherian niches - Eutherians (placental)
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most variety of mammalian groups
1.long periods of pregnancy
2.viviparous-development completed in uterous, joined w/ mother by placenta
3.more closely related to marsupials than either group in to monotremes - Primates
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Monkeys, lemurs, apes, humans
1.opposable thumb
2.binocular vision
3.Prosimions-lemurs, etc
4.Anthropoids-monkeys, apes, humans (closest related to chimps)
5. - Paleoanthropology
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1.Hominoid-great apes and humans
2.Hominid-species closer to us than any other living species, extinct
3.Homo sapiens-modern humans
4.Brains size-has increased throughout evolution of humans
5.jaw shape-ancestors had prognathic jaws, longer; modern is shorter
6.bipedal posture/motion-key evolutionary steps - Multiregional hypothesis
- Homo eructus evolved and dispered immediately, interbreeding led to Homo sapiens
- "Out of Africa" hypothesis
- Homo erectus evolved into sapiens, other branches went extinct. sapiens spread across globe from Africa