Anthropology 100 Hominines
Terms
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- organizing into kingdom, phylum, class, genus, etc.
- taxonomy
- generalized pattern: adaptability to different situations and environments, can sustain constant movement (related to efficiency), excel at long distance running; constant bipedalism: frees up hands, stimulates brain developement; large cranal capacities (310cc and up) emphasis on learning and passing on ideas
- generalized characteristics of hominines
- archaic humans evolved into modern humans, Milford Wolpoff, regional continuity in skull morphology as evidence, Gene Flow: requires no isolation
- Multi-Regional (multi-genesis) Theory
- 500 000 years BP, Middle Paleolithic, double scrapers, axes, transverse scraper, more sophisticated notched flakes, seem to be adapting to colder climates, evidence of things to make clothing and shelters
- Mousterian tool tradition
- before Lucy (A. afarensis)
- A. ardipithicus
- after Lucy, appear to have become primary plant eaters, not related to us
- A. robustus
- after Lucy, appear to have become scavengers, not related to us
- A. africanus
- Paleolithic, main tool is a flake, begins with H. habilis, related to meat consumption (likely scavenging, not hunting), tools for scraping meat off bones
- Oldowan tool tradition
- also called African Eve: allopatric speciation: a woman and her relatives were seperated from everyone else, one small group/population of archaic humans became modern and out-competeed all other archair forms which died out and don't contribute to us (Rebecca Can mtDNA)
- Out of Africa Theory
- H. habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens
- humans are related to:
- before Lucy (A. afarensis)
- A. anamensis
- started with H. erectus (1.8 million years BP), considerably more advanced than Oldowan, includes flakes, choppers, digging sticks, axes, scrapers, cleaners, allowing to hunt and butcher
- Acheulian tool tradition
- Qazfeh (Israel), Klasies River (S. Africa), skull morphology
- additional evidence for Out of Africa Theory
- emerged 40 000 y.a, vastly expanding tool tradition, creative revolution, symboic systems evident, cranal capacity 2400cc, first composite tools ex. blade, chisel, begins Upper Paleolithic
- H. Sapiens Sapiens
- all early hominids, males were about twice the sice of females, speculated to be because males had to perform more dangerous tasks, dimorphism declines as time goes on
- sexual dimorphism
- A. afarensis, A. robustus, A. africanus, A. bosei, cranal capacities of 310-530cc, evolutionary dead ends, died out about 1 million years BP
- Australophithecines
- after Lucy, believed to have died out, not related to us
- A. bosei
- organizing into branches, ignoring physical features
- clastics
- Lucy, about 5 feet tall, muscular and powerful, 3.3-3.5 million years ago
- A. afarensis
- emerged about 500 000 years BP, associated with Neanderthalensis, cranal capacity of 1225-2000cc, begins Middle Paleolithic, appear to have adapted to a number of different climates, Mousterian tool tradition
- H. Sapiens (archaic)
- first hominines to leave Africa, emerged about 1.8 million years BP, cranal capacity of 775-1225cc, harness fire 700 000 years BP, lately say that erectus lived at teh same time as H. habilis, Acheulian tool tradition
- H. erectus
- because DNA suggests that chimps and humans actually diverged later than humans and gorillas
- why should chimps be reclassified to be hominids?
- without meat the body would have remained small, protein contributed to brain growth
- why is meat consumption significant to hominid diet?
- defined by presence of tools, emerges about 2 million y.a, Oldowan tool tradition, cranal capacity 580=732cc, begins Paleolithic
- H. habilis