Reproductive 2

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drainage of left ovary/testis?: left gonadal vein - left renal ven - IVC
drainage of right ovary/testis?: right gonadal ven - IVC
what does the suspensory ligament of the ovaries contain?: ovarian vessels
what does the transverse cervical/cardinal ligament contain?: uterine vessels
what does the round ligament of the uterus contain?: no important structures
what does the broad ligament of the uterus contain?: round ligaments of uterus and ovaries and uterine tubules and vessels
what is the acrosome derived from?: golgi
what is the flagellum (tail) of sperm derived from?: one of the centrioles
what is the sperm food supply?: fructose
what does spermatogenesis begin with?: spermatogonia (type A and B)
where does spermatogenesis occur?: seminiferous tubules
what does type A spermatogonia form?: both type A and type B
what forms the blood-testis barrier?: junctional complex (tight junction) between Sertoli cells
what stimulates testosterone release from Leydig cells?: LH
FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce what?: androgen binding protein & inhibin (inhibits FSH)
what converts testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen in adipose tissue?: aromatase
list the forms of estrogen in order of potency: estradiol > estrone > estriol
what enzyme converts cholesterol to androstenedione in the theca cell? what stimulates it?: desmolase; LH
what converts androstenedione to estrogen in the granulosa cell? what stimulates it?: aromatase; FSH
what is elevation of progesterone indicative of?: ovulation
what does unopposed estrogen therapy increase the risk of? what can be added to decrease this risk?: endometrial cancer; progesterone decreases the risk
this hormone is responsible for stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development: progesterone
what does progesterone do to myometrial excitability?: decreases it
what influence does progesterone have on uterine smooth muscle?: relaxes it
when is follicular growth the fastest?: during 2nd week of proliferative phase
what stimulates endometrial proliferation?: estrogen
what maintains the endometrium to support implantation?: progesterone
when does the estrogen surge occur?: day before ovulation - stimulates LH, inhibits FSH
what effect does progesterone have on temperature?: increases it
what is the role of OCPs?: prevent estrogen surge, LH surge so ovulation does not occur
what maintains the corpus luteum for the 1st trimester?: hCG
when does hCG appear in urine after fertilization?: 8 days
what is the average age of onset of menopause?: 51 - earlier in smokers
what happens to estrogen levels after menopause?: decrease
what happens to levels of FSH, LH, GnRH at menopause?: increase (FSH increases the most; no LH surge)
what does a bicornuate uterus result from?: incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts; associated with UT abnormalities and infertility
what does hypospadias result from?: failure of urethral folds to close - opening on inferior/ ventral side
what does epispadias result from?: faulty positioning of genital tubercle - on superior/dorsal side
what is hypospadias associated with?: UTIs - more common than epispadias
what is epispadias associated with?: exstrophy of the bladder
what stage is an oocyte in prior to ovulation?: prOphase of meiosis I
what stage is a follicle in until fertilization?: METaphase of meiosis II
what is Mittelschmerz: blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation - can mimic appendcitis
ovaries present, but external genitalia are virilized or ambiguous - due to exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation: female pseudohermaphrodite (XX)
testes present, but external genitalia are female or ambiguous: male pseudohermaphrodite
what is the phenotype in androgen insensitivity syndrome (46, XY)?: female - female external genitalia with rudimentary vagina, uterus and uterine tubes generally absent; develops testes
in androgen insensitivity, what levels of testosterone, estrogen, LH are seen?: all high
cryptorchidism is associated with an increased risk for what?: germ cell tumors, especially seminoma and embryonal carcinoma
what happens in 5-alpha reductase deficiency?: unable to convert T-DHT; ambiguous genitalia until puberty, when increased testosterone causes masculinization of genitalia
what levels of testosterone, estrogen, and LH are associated with 5-alpha reductase deficiency?: normal; LH normal or increased
in what location is nodular enlargement seen in BPH?: periuretheral (lateral and middle) lobes
from where does prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise?: posterior lobe (peripheral zone)
what is the genotype of a complete hyatidiform mole? what is the origin?: 46, XX- completely paternal in origin
what is HELLP syndrome?: Hemolysis, Elevated LFTs, Low Platelets
what is the treatment for eclampsia?: IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam
increased risk of abruptio placentae with what?: smoking, hypertension, cocaine use
painful uterine bleeding usually during 3rd trimester: abruptio placentae - premature separatino of placenta (may be associated with DIC)
defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to myometrium: plaenta accreta
what stimulates theca cells to secrete androstenedione and testosterone?: LH
what stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells?: FSH
where is the deep inguinal ring?: about 1/2 inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
how do indirect inguinal hernias enter the inguinal canal?: through the deep inguinal ring
in many cases of Paget disease of the breast, what else is present?: underlying adenocarcinoma
lump in breast with prominent multinucleated giant cell reaction?: fat necrosis
three types of ovarian tumors that can produce large amounts of steroid hormones?: sertoli-leydig cell tumors, fibroma-thecomas, granulosa cell tumors
what is the most likely condition predisposing to breast abscess/mastitis?: breast feeding
what predisposes to placenta accreta?: prior C-section or inflammation; may have massive hemorrhage after delivery
placenta previa?: attachment of placenta to lower uterine segement; may occlude cervical os
painless bleeding in any trimester: placenta previa
what is polyhydraminos (>1.5-2L) associated with?: esophageal/duodenal atresia; anencephaly
what is oligohydraminos (<0.5L) associated with?: bilateral renal agenesis or posteror urethral valves (in males)
koilocytes?: cervical dysplasia - HPV
what types of HPV are associated with CIN?: 16, 18
how does HPV cause CIN?: HPV viral proteins E6 & E7 bind and inactivate gene products of p53 & Rb
endometrial hyperplasia puts one at an increased risk for what?: endometrial CA
abnormal endometrial gland proliferation usually caused by excess estrogen stimulation: endometrial hyperplasia
what is the most common gynecological malignancy?: endometrial carcinoma
what is the peak age for endometrial carcinoma? how does it typically present?: 55-65; vaginal bleeding
risk factors for endometrial cancer?: prolonged estrogen use, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension
leiomyomas are sensitive to what?: estrogen - increased sized with pregnancy and decreased with menopause
amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism: polycystic ovarian syndrome
increased LH production leads to anovulation, hyperandrogensim due to deranged steroid synthesis: PCOS
treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome?: weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogs, or surgery

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Number of cards 83