Aphasia; Acquired Alexia and Agraphia
Terms
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copy deck
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Alexia = ?
Agraphia = ? -
Alexia = Reading
Agraphia = Writing - Do most aphasics have alexia or agraphia?
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Most aphasics have BOTH alexia AND agraphia.
"Usually part of the aphasia syndrome but can exist separately. Usually from a small, left-hemisphere inferior parietal lobe lesion involving the angular gyrus. - What is Acquired Alexia?
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-Lang. based disorder highly associated with aphasia
-Some aphasics will benefit from the written word, as in Wernicke's, and some may not.
-In some cases, you can show a written word to get a verbal response - What is Deep Dyslexia?
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-Impaired greapheme-phoneme conversion
-**Reads only content words**
-More difficulty with functor words (either omitted of misread as another functor word)
-Damage to mapping input to semantics
-Semantic errors ("tall" for "long"). May be called PARALEXIAS
-Strong word superiority effect
-Strong Concreteness
-Tends to omit inflectional and derivational errors ("entertain" for "entertainment")
-May have errors based on visual similiarity ("crown" for "crowd")
-Great difficulty with nonsense words
-More difficulty with verbs and adjectives than nouns
-Poor ability to select a work from a semantically related list
-Promarily reads from a whole-word approach
-Most Broca's Aphasics have this - What is Phonological Dyslexia?
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-Exists on a continuum from deep to surface dyslexia (a "recovering" deep dyslexic)
-Occasional difficulty reading grammatical functor words
-Poor ability to apply grapheme-phoneme rules to read pseudowords
-Familiarity strong factor
-**Few semantic Errors**
-Reading impariment-mild
-Read words easier - What is Surface Alexia?
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-Spelling sound regularity
-Can read nonwords/functor words better than content words
-Use of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
-Frequent regularization errors ("choir" pronounced "choyer") - apply phonetic rules when the shouldn't apply them - What is Alexia without Agraphia?
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-Person can't read what they write well. Usually occurs with right visual field deficirs. May also have difficulty naming visually presented colors (color Agnosia)
-Reads letter-by-letter (every single letter read out loud before word is read)
-No semantic errors
-Disassociation b/t occipital association cortex and the dominant angular gyrus
-Very obsolete, small lesion
-Typically do not have any other aphasia symptoms
-Can write words, but can't read what they wrote - When assessing Alexia without Agraphia, what things should you keep in mind?
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-Do not confuse reading orally with reading comprehension
-Note error types or do an error analysis to try to discern the type of alexia - When assessing reading, what factors do you need to consider?
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-Word Frequency or occurance
-Part of speech
-Emotional Valence
-Personal Relevancy
-Syntactic Complexity
-Length of word
-Degree of interference required for interpretation
-Concreteness/Imagability
-Regularity of Spelling
-Morphological and syntactic complexity - When reading aloud, what factors do you need to consider?
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-Personally relevant names
-Words with emotional valence
-Concrete nouns and verbs
-Abstract nouns and verbs
-Grammatical words
-Numbers and letters (Arabic & Roman)
-Phrases/sentences with sunstantive words
-Phrases/sentences with functor words
-Nonsense words - When assessing reading comprehension, what factors do you need to consider?
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-Match word with picture or oject
-May want to present target words vertically to minimize the problems of hemianopsia or inattention to one side
-Should include phonemically and semantically related words
-May want to read a command
-Sentence comprehension with 4 choices
-Paragraph comprehension with 4 choices -
True/False:
Typically with aphasics, writing is better than speech. -
Typically, what one hears verbally will be what one sees graphically. Broca's aphasics will write primarily nouns or first letter words. Posterior lesion aphasic may write with a variety of paraphasic errors.
"What comes out of the mouth comes out of the pen." - What is the definition of Agraphia?
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-An acquired writing disorder characterized by errors in spelling, semantics, or syntax and poor construction of the physical features of the written word.
-Language-based disorder closely associated with aphasia. - When assessing writing, what factors do you need to consider?
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-Word frequency or occurrence
-Part of speech
-Emotional valence
-Personal relevancy
-Syntactic complexity
-Length of word
-Degree of inference required for interpretation
-Concreteness/imagability
-**Regularity of spelling**
-Morphological and syntactic complexity - What are the 4 types of agraphia?
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1. Apraxic Agraphia
2. Deep Dysgraphia
3. Surface Dysgraphia
4. Phonological Dysgraphia - What is Apraxic Agraphia?
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-Inability to use a writing tool to form graphic symbols when a model is provided.
-May be part of ideomotor apraxia or constructional apraxia
-Imparied ability to form letters wven when copying
-Better ability to spell with anagrams or a typewriter or to spell aloud
-Difficulty in controlling and producing the graphomotor patterns required for writing - What is Deep Dysgraphia?
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-Produces spelling errors that are semantically related but not phonologically related (ie "school" for "class")
-Best at writing concrete nouns vs abstract nouns or verbs
-Impaired phoneme-to-grapheme conversion
-**Can not write functor words** - What is surface dyslexia?
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-Makes phonetic spelling errors (ie "skool" for "school") because of an over reliance on phoneme-to-grapheme conversion
-Impaired whole word lexical route
-Can write pseudowords "flig" - What is phonological dysgraphia?
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-Uses a lexical-semantic whole word spelling approach
-Relative preservation of ability to write real words
-Unable to write pseudowords "fling" vs "flig"