Midterm Prep
Created based on the midterm study guide posted on blackboard.
Terms
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- Non-arbitrary Signs
- Only in nature; not in words in a language. Smoke is a completely non-arbitrary sign that there is fire.
- Open Class
- An open set of words where new members are welcome and can take bound morphemes to form new words. Also called Major Class in textbook. Subcategories/examples include: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs/adverbials.
- Morphophonological rules
- Assimilation, Insertion, Deletion
- Distinctive Characteristics of True Language
- Displacement and Productivity (in addition to Mode of Communication, Semanticity, Pragmatic Function, Interchangeability, Arbitrariness, and Discreteness)
- Mode of communication
- Means by which messages are communicated--vocal, visual, tactile, chemical
- Productivity
- The ability to express and understand any number of messages that hadn't been uttered before and that may express novel ideas.
- Compounding
- Existing free morphemes put together. webpage, download, waterbed
- Closed Class
- A set that contains few members and isn't open to new members. They're usually the most frequently used words. Subcategories include: pronouns, determiners (definite, indefinite), conjunctions, and prepositions.
- Derivational Affix
- An affix that DOES creat or derive new words when attached to existing words. un-, re-, -ize, -y, -ly
- Complementary distribution
- When it's not possible to find minimal pairs in the exact same environment.
- Arbitrary Signs
- The form of the signals don't relate to its meaning. There's nothing inherent in the sounds w-a-t-e-r that indicates the meaning.
- Underlying Level of Representation
- Phonemes. Unconscious, unstated level
- 8 Ways to Create New Vocab in English
- Affixation, Functional Shift, Semantic Shift, Compounding, Blending, Borrowing, Acronyming, and Invention
- Free Morphemes
- Morphemes that can be used alone e.g. act, worth, with
- Inflectional Affix
- An affix that does NOT create a new word when attached to existing words; they simply change the form of that word slightly to indicate some grammatical meaning. e.g. -s, -es, -'s, -s', -er, -est, -ed, -ing
- 3 Branches of Phonetics
- 1. Articulatory Phonetics 2. Acoustic Phonetics 3. Auditory Phonetics
- Sonorants
- Sounds with no obstruction; relatively open passage way: Nasals, Liquids, Glides
- Root Morphemes
- Morphemes around which larger words are built. e.g. act, worth
- Articulatory Phonetics
- How sounds are produced by humans in the vocal tracts.
- Affixation
- Word derivation through affixes.
- Prescriptivism
- The belief that there is a prescribed (written before, or ahead of time) list of rules to which all speakers of a language must conform. Concerned with "correct" and "incorrect" speech.
- Interchangeability
- The ability to send and receive messages. Human language has these features while silkworms don't.
- Lexical/Content Morphemes
- Morphemes that have meanings that correspond to the functions of the major word classes. If you can define it with a synonym, it's probably a lexical morpheme.
- Overlapping distribution
- 2 sounds in the exact same environment.
- Auditory Phonetics
- Perception of sounds by the brain through the ear.
- Minimal pairs
- Words with different meanings that have exactly the same sounds in the same order except for a single difference in sounds.
- Bound Morphemes
- Morphemes that must be attached to some other morpheme or morphemes.
- Phonological rule for alveolar stops
- They are flapped inter-vocalically when the following vowel is unstressed.
- Phonotactics
- Complex structre of syllables and their restrictions in a language.
- Acronyming
- SCUBA, FBI
- Acoustic Phonectics
- How sound waves are made; machine interpretations of speech patterns ("press 5 now")
- Assimilation
- One or more sound becomes like a neighboring sound
- Phoneme
- A psychologically real unit of linguistic sound.
- Grammatical Morphemes
- Morphemes that alter the word-stems they attach to -ive, -ate, -y
- Phonetics
- The study of sounds.
- Affix/Bound Morphemes
- Additional morphemes that are added to or affixed to roots to create a multi or poly-morphemic word. -ive, -ate, -ject
- Obstruents
- Sounds with significant obstruction of air: Stops, Fricatives, Affricates
- Representational Signs
- Words we use based on something real in the world. Usually onomatopoeic like "moo" or "meow."
- Semantic Shift
- Literal meaning to figurative meaning. rat
- Pragmatic function
- Idea that communication serves some useful purpose.
- Insertion
- A sound is inserted between two morphemes
- Vowel
- Sounds produced by NOT obstructing the air flow.
- Blending
- smoke + fog = smog
- Non-contrastive Sounds
- Native speakers don't recognize them as being distinctive sounds; they're recognized as one sound, although might have some quality different b/t the two. These are necessarily allophones and can't create minimal pairs.
- Morphophonology
- Underlying morpheme can have multiple level allomorphs--That is, a single unit can have more than one pronunciation
- Functional Shift
- Belonging to more than one lexical category. email, bookmark
- Contrastive Sounds
- If a native speaker of the language in which sounds are used recognizes them as being 2 different sounds, we can prove that they are distinct sounds by putting them in overlapping distribution or minimal pairs.
- Phonological rules for vowels
- 1. They become nasalized before nasal consonants 2. They become lengthened before voiced consonants
- Discreteness
- A property of having complex messages that are built up out of smaller parts.
- Surface Level of Representation
- Allophones. Physical level; the way we actually say it.
- 3 Ways to Classify Morphemes
- 1. Free vs. Bound 2. Lexical (Content) vs. Grammatical 3. Root vs. Affix (Bound)
- Phonological rule for voiceless stops
- They are aspirated stressed syllable initially
- Consonant
- Sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract.
- Displacement
- The ability to talk about things that aren't present in space and time.
- Phonology
- The study of sound systems.
- Phonetic Levels of Representation
- Underlying and surface levels
- Semanticity
- The idea that signals have meaning
- Inventing words
- root creation. quiz, granola, zap, herd
- Deletion
- A sound is deleted from a morpheme
- Borrowing
- Taking words from other languages and incorporating them into your own. sushi