PSY 379 EXAM 2 Hoff Ch 5
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- transitional forms
- utterances such as vertical constructions children produce between 1 word & clear 2 word utterances
- relational meaning
- the relation between the referents of the word combination(ex possession 'Mommy's sock')
- bound morphemes
- cannot stand alone, but rather attached to a stem
- prosodic bootstrapping hypothesis
- the idea that language learning children find and use clues to syntactic structure of language in the prosodic characteristic of speech they hear
- response strategies
- children's tendency of falling back on ways of responding that do not depend on understanding
- overgeneralizations
- overly general rule that a child may infer from speech they hear
- continuity assumption
- proposal that the nature of children's linguistic knowledge is not different in kind, but only degree, from adults
- innate grammar postion
- idea that language acquistion is significantly support by native syntactic knowledge & language specific learning procedures
- principles and parameters theory
- theory that each child has innate knowledge of UG consisting of principles that hold true for every language, and set of options that just need to be filled by experince
- tadpole-frog problem
- difficulty in explaining the change from semantic based to syntactically based grammar
- telegraphic speech
- includes primarily content words w/out grammatical morphemes(articles, endings, etc);typical of 2 year olds
- functional categories
- term used in Chomsky's GBT to refer to words that do not carry thematic content but merely serve to carry out grammatical functions
- linking rule
- associating subjects with agents and acted-on things as direct objects
- complex sentences
- a sentence that contains more than one clause
- semantic bootstrapping
- idea that correspondence between semantic and syntactic categories provide the language -learning entry into grammatical system
- prescriptive rules
- rules of grammar that define how a language should be used as taught in style manuals etc.
- analytical approach
- involves breaking down the speech stream into its component parts and figuring out the sytem to productively combining these parts
- morphology
- system of rules for combining the smallest units of language into words
- grammatical morphemes
- words and word endings that mark grammatical relations such as articles, noun and verb endings, etc
- mean length utterance
- average length of utterance in sample of spontaneous speech, usually counted in terms of morphemes
- descriptive rules
- rules that describe speakers' linguistic knowledge
- Productivity(generativity) of language
- the characteristic of all human languages by which they make use of finite repetoire of sounds to produce an infinite number of sentences
- morphemes
- smallest element of language that carries meaning
- closed-class word
- speakers cannot readily invent new words to add to this category(determiners, prepositions, etc)
- free morphemes
- a morpheme that stands alone as word
- wh-questions
- In Brown's Stage Three these are often produced with proper inversion
- social/cognitive view
- theory that the starting point of language acquisition is provided by general cognition with requisite being experince with interaction
- overregularizations
- overapplication of rules to irregular parts of language
- holistic approach
- approach to language which consists of memorizing large, unanalyzed chunks of speech
- lexical categories
- term in Chomsky theory for categories of words that carry thematic content
- negative evidence
- feedback or correction when the child produces an ungrammatical sentence
- syntax
- system of rules for building phrases out of words which belong to particular grammatical categories and for building sentebces out of these constituent phrases
- combinational speech
- speech in which words are combined in utterances
- phonological bootstrapping hypothesis
- aka known as the prosodic bootstrapping hypothesis
- open-class words
- new words in this category can be coined and added to the language; includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
- semantically based grammar
- rules operate over meaning-based categories(ex agent, action, location)
- syntactically based grammar
- rules operate over formal categories such as noun verb; nort based on meaning or communicative function
- connectionist view
- type of model on how some aspects of language acquisition could be accomplished by a device that consists of a network of interconnected nodes
- yes/no question
- in Brown's Stage Two these are formed with rising intonation