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SPN 3300 Chapt.2: Nouns & Noun Determiners

Terms

undefined, object
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+++ Demonstrative Adjectives: este, estos, esta, estas, ese, esos, esa, esas, aquel, aquellos, aquella, aquellas +++
(2) Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany +++ (2) Remember that in their "adjective form" they have no accent, whereas in their pronoun form the "may" in cases of ambiguity (remember that the adjective is always accompanied by a noun, but the pronoun is never accompanied by a noun (ex. = Este (adj.) Libro (noun) es mio, y e'se [pron] es tuyo.
Noun Determiners: Articles
The article is necessary if an adverb is used between the verb and the name of the language - (ex. = Aprendi facilmente el espanol cuando tenia seis anos).
Personal A:
Direct object nouns "reffering to human being" (sometimes family pets) -- Yo vi "a" jorge. NEVER with objects = Vi el libro en tu casa.
Pluralization of Nouns:
Nouns ending in "Z" = change to "ces" (ex. lapiz, lapices)
Personal A:
Because the pronouns: alguien, nadie, and quien refer to persons, they are preceded by the personal A "when they function as direct objects" -- (ex. Oi a alguien llorando, No conzco a nadie aqui, A quien viste?)
(LONG) Possessive Adjectives: SUYO
In cases when Suyo is being used successively, it may cause ambiguity because it could be refer to any of: "his," "hers," "yours," or "theirs" = in such cases, it is best to use de ella, de el, de usted, de ellos, de ellas, de ustedes
Descriptive Adjective:
adjective of nationality always follow the noun = Esa novela es de un autor argentino.
Noun Determiners: Possessives vs. Articles
When casa, clase, or misa are objects of a, de, or en, omit the article (ex. = Voy a clase a las ocho, Saldremos de misa a esa hora, No esta en casa ahora)
Descriptive Adjective:
Descriptive adjectives will "precede" the noun "if" this noun indicates someone or something that is already identified (ex. = el extravagante Dali, el elagante Museo del Prado...
(LONG) Possessive Adjectives: mío, mía, míos, mías, tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas, suyo(s), suya(s), nuestro(s), nuestra(s)
Long possessive adjectives are used when the possessive follows the noun, where the English would use "of..." (ex. = Es una amiga mía) -- ALSO -- They are used after the verb "ser" (ex. = Este libro es mío, Este caja es mía)
Article RULE:
OMit the indefinte article after "con" when the object is being reffered to as a specific type of object (ex. = Escriban con pluma, por favor.)
Pluralization of Nouns:
Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel with final - S do not change for the plural (ex. = el lunes, los, lunes / la crisis, las crisis, el tocadisco, lostocadiscos)
Descriptive Adjective:
Adjectives that modify masculine nouns adapt to end in "o" (un lugar remoto) , for feminine nouns they adapt to "a" (ex. = una probobilidad remota) ++++ Adjectives that end in a consonant: e or ista do not generally change for gender (ex. = un final triste, una mirada triste, un joven terrorista, una vieja terrorista)
Noun Gender: Masculine
Infinitives are masculine when nominalized = el amanacer, el poder
Comparisons: Comparisons of Inequality *** with a Verb or Clause as second part of comparison ***
With a noun as the focus of the comparison, and a verb or clause as the second part of the comparison, use the variable phrase: "del que, de la que, de los que, de las que" in agreement with the gender and number of the noun (ex. = "m'as/menos" + noun + "del que, de la que, de los que, de las que" + clause) -- [ex. = Alquilamos m'as peliculas de las que pudimos ver, Yo le di mucho menos regalos de los que me dio e'l a mi, Me servi m'as comida de la que me puedo comer)
Noun Gender: Masculine
Languages, days of the week, mountains, rivers, and oceans (ex. = el espanol, el lunes, los Pirenes)
Noun Determiners: Possessives vs. Articles
With days of the week ALWAYS use the article, even after hasta and para ( ex. = El lunes tenemos una prueba, Hasta el martes! Esta tarea es para el viernes)
Spanish nouns referring to humans:
some are identical in form -- only the modifier shows the gender (ex. = el/la estudiante, el/la joven, el/la modelo, el/la atleta, etc)
Descriptive Adjective:
Bueno and Malo are two special adjectives that follow the general rules, but sometimes they are placed before the noun they modify for colloquialisms: buena suerte (good luck), mala suerte (bad luck), mal dormir (sleeplessness), de buena famila ( from a good family), malos pensamintos (bad thoughts), Buenos Dias (Good Morning)
Noun Gender: Masculine
Most nouns ending in: O, L, R, & MA -- are masculine. *** Exceptions: la foto, la mano, ma radio, la moto, la capital, la carcel, la catedral, la miel, la piel, la sal
Article RULE:
Omit the indefinite article after "sin" (ex. = Saliio sin abrigo - not - Salio sin un abrigo)
Personal A:
Conversely, if nonhuman direct objects are family pets or are PERSONIFIED = use the Personal A ( ex. = El cazador mato al leon - OR - El cientifico vio a la Muerte)
Noun Companions:
Articles and adjectives are words that accompany and modify nouns. They agree (in gender) with the noun they modify. (ex. = la casa, las casas, el libro, los libros, una mesa, un fuego, esa casa, esas casas, nuestra casa, mis libros, una nina bonita)
Superlatives:
The superlative in Spanish is formed with: an article + (m'as/menos) + adjective + de (if agrouop is being indicated) --- [ex. Iris es la ma's lista de la clase, Esas flores son las ma's rojas de todas, Julio es el ma's alto, Esa noche fue la ma's oscura]
Noun Determiners: Articles
Languages: The definite article is used before the names of languages, except when the name of the language follows "en" or the verb "hablar" (ex. = Escribe el espanol con facilidad, Hablo espanol, Me lo dijo en espanol)
Noun Determiners: Possessives vs. Articles
With reflexive verbs, the definite article is used with parts of the body and articles of clothing (ex. = Me lave las manos, Se quitaron el abrigo)
Article + Adjective Agreement:
NORMALLY - Male nouns dictate the adjective into a male sense, Female nouns dictate the adjective into a female sense (ex. = carro lindo, agua clara)
Comparisons: Comparisons of equality: Tan como
With an adverb or an adjective, use "tan...como" ( ex. = Ese coche esta' tan brillante como el nuestro, Ellos hablan tan bien como tu')
Pluralization of Nouns:
If it ends with a vowel = add an "S" (ex. casa = casas)
Noun Determiners: Possessives vs. Articles
In most cases, the definite article accompanies a prepositional object (ex. = Lo llevaron a la carcel, Estaban en el salon)
Descriptive Adjective & +++ Quantitative Adjectives +++:
Normally the adjective follows the noun (carro rojo) // HOWEVER \\ There are a few adjectives, principally "QUANTATIVE" in nature, that always precede the noun; to this group belong all ordinal numbers such as: primer, segundo, tercer, etc. as well as algu'n, varios, ambos, mucho, poco, tanto, otro (ex. = Era mi primer viaje a Mexico, Algu'n dia volvere', Sueno en ambas lenguas, Muchas gracias, Tiene poca paciencia, No necesito tanto dinero, Quiero otro cafe)
Comparisons: Comparisons of Inequality W/ Adverbs, Adjectives, and Nouns:
X + "mas/menos" + adverb/adjective/noun + "que" + Y = comparison of inequality. (ex. = Marta comprende ma's facilmente que yo, Esa novela es ma's large que e'sta, Jose tiene menos dinero que yo)
Personal A:
If person referred to are not specific, and thus dehumanized to the point of being perceived for all purposes as objects, omit the personal A. ( ex. = Buscan secretarios bilengues. -- as opposed to -- Busco a mi secretaria.
Noun Determiners: Articles
This hiato feminine rule does not alter the gender of the noun -> all modifiers remain feminine (ex. = la agua fria, el alama tranquila, etc.)
Personal A:
Tener = use it with personal A "if" the subject is affected in some personal manner [they feel sorry, ant help it, etc.] -- ( ex. = Tenemos a nuestro abuelo en una resedencia de ancianos - or - Tengo a mi suegra de visita).
Superlatives:
"El ma's grande" and "el ma's pequeno" become "el mayor" and "el menor" when referring to age 9ex. = Jorge es el mayor y Juan es el menor)
Pluralization of Nouns:
If it ends with a consonant with a "Y" and some stressed endings = add an "ES" (ex. amor, amores / la ley, las leyes, rubi', rubies, etc)
Noun Gender: Feminine
Most nouns ending in: A, DAD, CION, SION, UMBRE, Z -- are feminine **** Exceptions: el dia, el huesped, el arroz, el lapiz, el maiz, el pez, el mapa, el planeta, el poeta,
Comparisons: Comparisons of Inequality W/ Adverbs, Adjectives, and Nouns:
With numerical expressions use DE instead of QUE (ex. = Lei que habia mas de trienta sequestrados en un solo cuarto, Nos quedan menos de viente minutos, Te di ma's de la mitad, Conoci menos de diez personas nuevas, No invito' ma's de trienta personas)
Noun Determiners: Articles
When a Feminine singular noun starts with a stressed "a" or "ha", to avoid the hiato "la" is changed to "el" -- ( ex. = el agua instead of la agua, el alma instaed of la alma, el ave instead of la ave, el hambre instead of la hambre) *** words that follow the normal unmarked llana accento placement > words that end with vowels & have the golpe in the llana < ***
Descriptive Adjective:
Descriptive adjectives are those that modify nouns, such as rojo, viejo, etc. -- they agree in number and gender with the noun they modify
Noun Determiners: Articles
Omit the article after "de" when two nound are used, one to modify the other ( ex. = mi profesore de espanol, el libro de ruso)
Comparisons: Comparisons of equality: Tanto (a,os,as)...como
With a noun, use the variable tanto (a,os,as)...como, in agreement with the noun (ex. = Tengo tantos problemas como tu')
(SHORT) Possessive Adjectives: mi, mis, tu, tus, su, sus, nuestro(s), nuestra(s)
Possessive adjectives agree in gender and in number with the thing possessed and "not" the possessor (ex. = no tengo mis libros, Sus manos siempre estan limpias, ellos me regalaron su coche)
Comparisons: Comparisons of equality: Tanto como
Alone as an adverb, use the invariable "tanto como" (ex. = Ella no come tanto como yo)
Comparisons: Comparisons of Inequality *** with a Verb or Clause as second part of comparison ***
When the focus of the comparison is not a noun but a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, use the invariable neuter phrase "de lo que" (ex. = "m'as/menos + verb/adj/adv/ + de lo que + clause) -- [ex. Nevo' ma's de lo que nos hubiera, La guerra fue ma's larga de lo que esperaban, El taxi llego ma's rapidamente de lo que anticipa'bamos)
Descriptive Adjective: SHORT & LONG
Grande becomes gran before a singular noun of either gender (ex. = un gran evento, una gran amiga)
Noun Gender: Feminine
All the letters of the alphabet = la "o", la "heche", la "ere"
Descriptive Adjective: SHORT & LONG
Bueno and Malo drop the final "o" when they come before a singular masculine noun (un buen libro, el mal tiempo) IF they come after they stay the same ( un libro bueno, el mal teimpo)

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