anatomy test 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- the mouth, pharynx & esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and the rectum & anus are ____ digestive organs
- primary
- the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _____ digestive organs
- accessory
- what is the inner layer of the GI tract?
- mucosa
- what is the outer layer of the GI tract?
- serosa
- the _____ _____ of the mucosa cause the folds
- muscularis mucosae
- the ____ ____ of the mucosa contains lymphatic tissue and MALT
- lamina propria
- the ______ layer of the GI tract contain BV, glands, and lymphatic tissue
- submucosa
- the _____ is where the roots are anchored into the bones on the teeth
- cementum
- parotid, submandibular, and sublingual are three major ______ _____
- salivary glands
- ______ helps to destroy bacteria
- lysozyme
- ______ begins starch digestion
- amylase
- _____ pushes food down
- peristalsis
- the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus are parts of the what?
- stomach
- contents of the stomach leave through the what?
- pyloric sphincter
- what converts pepsinogen into pepsin?
- HCL
- ____ ____ is secreted by salivary glands, and breaks down triglycerids
- lingual lipase
- ____ ____ splits tryglycerids found in milkfat into smaller subunits
- gastric lipase
- the cephalic phase of the stomach is the " ____ _____ _____"
- stomach getting ready
- the gastric phase in the stomach is the "_____ _____"
- stomach working
- the intestinal phase of the stomach is the "_____ _____"
- stomach emptying
- the _____ secretes trypsin (protein digestion) and nuclease (digests nucleic acids)
- pancreas
- the ____ secretes bile
- liver
- the _____ stores bile
- gall bladder
- activation of vitamin D, excretion of bilirubin, and synthesis of bile salts are functions of the what?
- liver
- what does stercobilin do?
- makes the feces brown
- the common bile duct and pancreatic duct empties into the what?
- duodenum
- what is the primary site of absorbtion?
- small intestines
- the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum of the small instestines ends with the _____ ______
- ileocecal sphincter
- enteroendocrine an intestinal gland secretes _____ which stimulates the ____
- secretin, pancreas
- paneth cells of the intestinal glands sectrete _____
- lysozyme
- ______ is the local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices, sloshing back and forth,, which is _____ digestion
- segmentation, mechanical
- sucrase breaks down _____
- frucose (sugars)
- lactase breaks down ______
- galactose
- pacreatic lipase are enzymes that break down _____
- lipids
- pancreatic juices contain 2 ______
- nucleases
- ___ ____ play a role in emulsification the breakdown of lipids
- bile salts
- micelles carry _____
- lipids
- fat-soluble vitamins travel in _____
- micelles
- water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by what?
- diffusion
- _____ ____ fill the mucosa of the large intestines
- intestinal glands
- what are the taeniae coli of the muscularus on the colon/large intestine
- longitudinal muscle fibers
- the haustra are the _____ on the colon
- pouches
- in chemical digestion in the large intestines no enzymes are secreted only _____
- mucous
- vitamin K and B are absorbed where?
- in the colon
- what does the gastrocolic relfex do?
- moves feces into rectum
- the ileocecal sphincter is located in the where?
- large intestine
- is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?
- exergonic
- is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?
- endergonic
- over half of the energy released from ATP is converted to _____
- heat
- oxidation is a _____ in energy content
- decrease
- oxidation is a ___ of hydrogen atoms
- loss
-
(energy transfer)
reduction is the _____ in energy content - increase
-
(energy transfer)
reduction is the ______ of hydrogen atoms - addition
- what is phosphorylation?
- the addition of phosphorus to ADP to make ATP
- ______ is hundreds of glucose molecules combined to form glycogen for storage
- glycogenesis
- carbohydrate metabolism takes place in the ____
- liver
- glucose-6-phosphate hides _____ in cells
- glucose
- is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic
- anaerobic
- what is the first step in glycolisis?
- breakdown of glucose
- the 10 step process of glycolysis occurs where?
- in the cytosol
- what are the products of glycolysis?
- 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acids
- if there is a O2 shortage in a cell pyruvic acid is reduced to _____ ____
- lactic acid
- if oxygen is present in the cell pyruvic acid is then converted into _____ ______
- acetyl coenzyme A
- what are the products of the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?
- 2 CO2, 2 NADH + 2H, 2 acetyl coenzyme A molecules
- is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
- aerobic
- the _____ ____ is a series of oxidation-reduction & decarboxylation reactions occurring in the ________
- krebs cycle, mitochondria
- the krebs cycle transports __ to the electron transport chain
- H
- what are the products of the krebs cycle?
- 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH + 6H, 2 FADH2
- glycogenisis stores what?
- glycogen
- what is glycogenolysis?
- when you need glucose it breaks stuff down to get it
- when is glucagon activated?
- in the absence of glucose
- glucagon and _______ is used in glycogenolysis
- epinepherine
- what is gluconeogenesis?
- production of new glucose
- gluconeogenesis is stimulated by _____ and ______
- cortisol and glucagon
- the chylomicrons carry ____ lipids
- dietary
- VLDLs transport _______
- triglycerids
- LDLs carry the "___ cholesterol" from the ____ to the ____
- bad, liver, cells
- HDLs carry "___ cholesterol" from the ___ to the ____
- good, cells, liver
- do triglycerids exert osmotic pressure?
- no
- triglycerides are split into fatty acids & glycerol by ____
- lipase
- if ATP levels are low, glycerol is converted into ____ ____
- pyruvic acid
- if ATP levels are high, glycerol is converted into _____
- glucose
- where are proteins used?
- everywhere
- glucose 6-phosphate,pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A play pivotal roles in ______
- metabolism
-
(metabolic adaptations)
in the absorptive state nutrients enter the ______ and make _____ readily available for ATP production - bloodstream, glucose
- in the postabsorptive state absorption of nutrients is _____
- complete
- the _____ functions to regulate osmolarity, blood volume, and blood pressure
- kidney
- what is the hilus of the kidney?
- the renal artery and vein, ureter
- the _____ is the functional units of the kidney
- nephron
- the renal ______ is the site of plasma filtration
- corpuscle
- in the renal corpuscles are the _______ capallaries where filtration of blood occurs
- glomerulus
- what do the collecting ducts and papillary ducts do?
- drain urine
-
(blood supply to the nephron)
peritubular capallaries carry away _______ substances from the _____ - reabsorbed, filtrate
-
(blood supply to the nephron)
the vasa recta supplies ______ - nutrients
- do the number of nephrons remain constant from birth? and if they are injured is there replacement?
- yes,no
- the amount of filtrate formed in all corpuscles of both kidneys / minute is called the _____ _____ ___
- glomerular filtration rate
- homeostasis requires GFR that is _____
- constant
- renal ________ are the mechanisms that maintain a constant GFR despite changes in arterial BP
- autoregulation
- at rest renal ________ prevails
- autoregulation
- most tubular reabsorbtion occurs in the ___
- pct - proximal convoluted tubule
- an important function of the nephron is tubular ______
- secretion
- water is only reabsorbed by _____
- osmosis
- ______ water reabsorption occurs in the collecting duct under the control of antidiuretic hormones
- facultative
- _______ _____ produced by symporters & antiporters causes ____ reabsorption of other solutes
- electrochemical gradients, passive
- the descending limb of the loop of henle is very ______ to water
- permeable
- the ascending limb of the loop of henle is _______ to water
- impermeable
- bile consists of ____, ______, ___ ____, and __ ______, which is broken down into bilibrubin
- water, cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments