Chemistry 1 Vocabulary
Terms
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- accuracy
- closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured
- anion
- a negative ion
- anode
- electrode where oxidation takes place
- atom
- smallest unit of mass of an element that maintains the properties of that element
- atomic mass unit
- unit of mass that is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
- atomic number
- number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element
- auogadro's law
- equal volumes of gasses at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
- barometer
- device used to measure atmospheric pressure
- boiling point
- temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure
- Boyle's law
- volume of a fixed mass of gas varies inversely with pressure at constant temperature
- catalyst
- substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently consumed
- cathode
- electrode where reduction takes place
- cation
- positive ion
- Charles' law
- volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure varies directly with the Kelvin temperature
- chemical
- any substance that has a definite composition
- chemical change
- a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
- chemical equation
- a representation with symbols and formulas of the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products in a chemical unchanged
- chemical property
- ability of a substance to undergo a charge that transforms it into a different substance
- chemical reaction
- reaction in which one or more substances are converted into a different substance.
- chemistry
- the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
- coefficient
- small whole number that appears in front of a formula in a chemical equation
- composition reaction
- reaction in which 2 or more substances combine to form a new compound
- combustion reaction
- reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of light and heat
- compound
- substance that is made from the atoms of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded
- concentration
- measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
- covalent bonding
- chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an e- pair between 2 atoms
- Dalton's law of partial pressure
- total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of component gases
- decomposition reaction
- reaction in which a single compound produces 2 or more simpler substances
- density
- ratio of mass to volume or mass divided by volume
- derived unit
- unit that is a combination of SI base units
- diatomic molecule
- molecule containing only 2 atoms
- ductility
- ability of a substance to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire
- elastic collision
- collision between gas particles and between gas particles and container wall in which there is no loss of kinetic energy
- electrode
- conductor used to establish electrical contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit, such as an electrolyte
- electron affinity
- energy change that occurs when an e- is acquired by a neutral atom
- electron dot notation
- electron configuration in which only the valence e- of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the element's symbol
- element
- pure substance made of only one kind of atom
- empirical formula
- symbols for the elements combined in a compound with subscripts showing the smallest whole number mole ratio of the different atoms in the compound
- equilibrium
- dynamic condition in which 2 opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system
- evaporation
- process by which particles escape from the surface of a nonboiling liquid and enter the gas state
- family
- vertical column of the periodic table
- fluid
- substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of its container; a liquid or a gas
- formula mass
- sum of the average atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the formula of any molecule, formula, unit, or ion
- formula unit
- simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be established
- freezing point
- temperature at which a solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atomic pressure
- frequency
- number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually 1 second
- gas
- state of matter in which a substance has neither definite volume nor definite shape
- gas laws
- simple mathematical relationships between the volume, temperature, pressure, and quantity of gas
- Gay-Lussac's law
- pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume varies directly with the Kelvin temp
- group
- vertical column of the periodic table
- halogen
- 1 of the elements of group 17, fluorine, chlorine, bromin, iodine, and astatine
- heterogeneous
- not having a uniform composition throughout
- homogeneous
- having a uniform composition throughout
- hydrogen bonding
- intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule
- ideal gas
- imaginary gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory
- ion
- atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge
- ionic bonding
- chemical bond resulting from electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and anions
- ionic compound
- compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that have different masses
- kinetic-molecular theory
- theory based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion
- law of conservation of mass
- mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical or physical reactions
- law of multiple proportions
- 2 or more different compounds are composed of the same 2 elements, then the ratio of the masses of the 2nd element combined with a certain mass of the 1st element is always a ratio of small whole numbers
- law of definite proportions
- chemical compound contains the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or the source of the compound
- Lewis structure
- formula in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot-pairs or dashes between 2 atomic symbols represent electron pairs in covalent bonds, and dots adjacent to only 1 atomic symbol represent unshared electrons
- limiting reactant
- reactant that limits the amounts of the other reactants that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction
- liquid
- state of matter in which the substance has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
- magnetic quantum number
- quantum # that indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus
- malleability
- ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets
- mass
- measure of the amount of matter
- mass number
- total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope
- matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- melting
- physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of heat
- melting point
- temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
- metal
- element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
- metalloid
- element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals
- millimeters of mercury
- common units of pressure
- molar mass
- mass of 1 mole of a pure substance
- molarity
- number of moles of solution in 1 liter of solution
- mole
- amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
- mole ratio
- conversion factor that relates the amounts in a mole of any 2 substances involved in a chemical reaction
- molecular compound
- chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
- molecular formula
- formula showing the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound
- molecule
- neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
- monatomic ion
- ion formed from a single atom
- noble gas
- group 18 element helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
- nomenclature
- naming system
- nonmetal
- element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
- Octet Rule
- chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level
- percent error
- value calculated by subtracting the experimental value from the accepted value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and them multiplied by 100.
- percent yield
- ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100