Chapter 16 Key Terms and Roots
Terms
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- primer
- An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.
- replication fork
- A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
- single-strand binding protein
- During DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complimentary strands of DNA.
- helic-
- a spiral
- nuclease
- A team of enzymes that hydrolyze DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides.
- liga-
- bound or tied
- DNA ligase
- A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 39 end of a new DNA fragment to the 59 end of a growing chain.
- bacteriophage
- A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. See phage.
- telomere
- The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA.
- nucleotide excision repair
- The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
- phage
- A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
- -phage
- to eat
- double helix
- The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
- semi-
- half
- DNA polymerase
- An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
- trans-
- across
- leading strtand
- The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' 3' direction.
- origins of replication
- Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.
- transformation
- (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
- semiconservative model
- Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
- helicase
- An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
- telomerase
- An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
- primase
- An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.
- lagging strand
- A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
- mismatch repair
- The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.
- telos-
- an end