Blood and Lymph Systems
Terms
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- microcytosis
- the presence of small red blood cells
- lymphoma
- any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease
- hemophilia
- a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
- chyl/o
- juice
- serum
- liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
- immunity
- process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
- hemat/o
- blood
- comprehensive metabolic panel
- tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT,and AST
- hemolysis
- breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
- CD4 cell count
- a measure of the number of CD4 cells in the blood;used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatment of AIDS, the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells
- hemoglobin (HGB)
- a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin
- thymus
- the primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
- reticulocytosis
- an increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood
- anticoagulant
- a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
- basic metabolic panel
- battery of tests used as general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen
- platelet count (PLT)
- a calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; normal range 150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters
- right lymphatic duct
- receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body
- crossmatching
- a method of matching a dono's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
- myel/o
- bone marrow also spinal cord
- red blood count (RBC)
- a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods
- lymphadenopathy
- the presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
- blast/o (also suffix)
- germ or bud
- plasmapheresis
- the removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion
- homologous blood
- blood voluntarily donated by any person transfusion to a compatible recipient
- positron emission tomography (PET)
- radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
- venipuncture/phlebotomy
- an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
- lymphocytopenia
- an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
- polycythemia
- an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
- basophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
- Rh factor
- the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia
- lymphocyte
- an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity-there are four categories of lymphocytes: T cells (thymus dependent) B cells (bone marrow derived) NK cells (natural killer) K-type cells
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- a calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC=HGB/HCT
- computed tomography (CT)
- full-body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
- spleen
- the organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes
- lymphangiogram
- an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
- myelodysplasia
- a disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
- pancytopenia
- an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
- hemoglobin
- protein-iron compound contained in the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- blood component therapy
- the transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma
- antibody
- a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
- antigen
- a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
- hematocrit (HCT)
- a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
- immun/o
- safe
- lymph
- fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels
- Rh negative
- the absence of antigens
- eosinophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections
- blood chemistry panels
- specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood;used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions
- vasodilator
- a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
- splenectomy
- the removal of the spleen
- active immunity
- an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of anitbodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine
- lymph capillaries
- microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels
- neutropenia
- a decrease in the number of neutrophils
- splenomegaly
- enlargement of the spleen
- lymph ducts
- collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
- poikilocytosis
- the presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
- prothrombin
- a protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
- thymectomy
- the removal of the thymus gland
- septicemia
- a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
- hemochromatosis
- a hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
- blood culture
- a test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
- agranulocytes
- a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
- erythrocyte sedimentaion rate (ESR)
- a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies and neurological diseases to develop; it is trasmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood
- bone marrow aspiration
- a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
- immunoglobulins (Ig)
- protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens;the five major classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
- partial thromboplastin time (PT)
- a test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders
- reticul/o
- a net
- pernicious anemia
- a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
- band
- an immature neutrophil
- hem/o
- blood
- mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
- a calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
- another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus
- plas/o
- formation
- metastasis
- the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs
- chrom/o
- color
- anemia
- a condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues; common types follow
- monocyte
- an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
- blood chemistry
- a test to the fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent
- bone marrow biopsy
- a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue
- lymphadenotomy
- an incision into a lymph node
- mononucleosis
- a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat
- blood indices
- calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia
- leukocyte
- white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances
- passive immunity
- an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
- complete blood count (CBC)
- the most common laboratory blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes; the following is a listing of the components tests included in a CBC
- thromb/o
- clot
- chemotherapy
- the treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
- thoracic duct
- receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extermities
- lymph/o
- clear fluid
- macrocytosis
- the presence of large red blood cells
- lacteals
- specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
- hemostatic
- a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
- red cell morphology
- as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition of the size and shape of the red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide is noted
- lymphadenectomy
- the removal of a lymph node
- autologous blood
- blood donated by, and stored for, a patient for future personal use
- differential count
- a determination of the number of each type of white blood cell seen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
- anisocytosis
- the presence of red blood cells of unequal size
- chromat/o
- color
- plasma
- liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones,vitamins, and cellular components
- blood transfusion
- the introduction of blood product into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
- neutrophil
- a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
- thrombocytopenia
- a bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process
- erythropenia
- an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
- lymph vessels
- vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
- leukemia
- a chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected
- immunotherapy
- the use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms; as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and allergy
- white blood count (WBC)
- a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods
- granulocytes
- a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- splen/o
- spleen
- chyle
- a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
- immunocompromised
- impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents
- aplastic anemia
- a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
- autoimmune disease
- any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction to loss of function;rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune disease
- platelets
- thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting
- phag/o
- eat or swallow
- immunosuppression
- impaired ability to provide an immune response
- lymph nodes
- many small oval stuctures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels-major locations include the cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region
- morph/o
- form
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
- iron deficiency anemia
- a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting productionof hemoglobin and characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobins
- bone marrow transplant
- the transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a comtible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
- erythrocyte
- red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream
- prothrombin time (PT)
- a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood
- thromboplastin
- a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
- lymph node dissection
- the removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination
- vasoconstrictor
- a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
- mean corpuscular (cell)hemoglobin (MCH)
- a calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results: MCH=HGB/RBC
- Rh positive
- the presence of antigens