Earth Science
Terms
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- separates cold deep water from shallower layers that are affected by changes in the earth's surface temperature
- permanent thermocline
- loss by melting or sublimation exceed addition of new material resulting in a net loss of ice
- zone of ablation
- mark the boundaries between adjacent tributaries that merged to form one large glacier
- dark bands of rock debris on the glacier surface mark what?
- sinking of young volcanic island become dormant over millions of years and creates?
- lagoon
- how much of the earth's surface do oceans cover
- 71%
- what causes sinking of water
- increased density
- glacier mass balance
- determined by the balance between the rate of accumulation and the rate of melting and calving
- river discharge: ____ salinity
- decreases
- wearing or grinding of bedrock
- abrasion
- ice mass at higher elevations that feeds several valley glaciers (ex. Alaska, Norway)
- ice field
- What happens to coastlines with the melting of ice sheets
- go underwater and move inland due to higher water levels
- v-shaped valley
- before glaciation
- where do the elements of salt in ocean water come from
- weathering and erosion from rocks and dissolved constituents in fresh water and sediments in rivers running off the mountainside
- involves all major oceans and takes 1000 years to complete the circuit
- "Conveyor Belt"
- valley glacier that reaches the sea and that produces icebergs at its terminus
- tidewater glacier
- basin, cirque, fjord
- large scale erosion
- recessional moraine, kames mark old meltwater lakes, interlobate moraine, kettle lakes, outwash, post glacial streams
- depositional landforms
- under its own weight, ice deforms similar to a deck of cards. Glacier Ice Creep.
- internal deformation
- loss of glaciers has a direct impact on
- tourism
- crustal sinking under the weight of the ice and rebound after ice disappears causes vertical motions
- isostatic adjustment
- process of removal of loosened larger rock fragments
- plucking
- sediments carried by moving ice are deposited away from the source region
- deposition
- long and narrow ridges, often composed of well sorted gravel and sand, deposited by streams flowing in large subglacial tunnels
- esker
- recessional stand of glacier, meltwater lakes in stagnant ice, ice blocks left in front of glacier, eskers, exposed drumlins, terminal moraine
- stagnant or retreating glacier
- where are modern reefs largely found
- tropical areas
- comparable in size to glacier that shaped them
- large scale erosion
- temperature and salinity differences (sinking of water) drive...
- thermohaline circulation (90% of ocean)
- addition of new material exceeds the loss by melting or sublimation resulting in a net gain of ice
- zone of accumulation
- ice mass in mountain highland or low lying land at higher altitude (ex. canadian arctic, iceland)
- ice caps
- process of loosening of larger rock fragments
- quarrying
- what landform is zone of accumulation next to?
- Horn
- North Atlantic Deep Water r forms when the warm and salty water of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current cools and becomes increasingly saline due to evaporation, thus increasing its density
- thermohaline circulation
- describe the speed of cold deep salty water
- very slow moving
- removal of crustal material under the influence of flowing meltwater
- meltwater erosion
- Globally 1 meter sea level rise will displace
- 108 million people
- if Antarctica and Greenland ice melts, what will happen
- coastlines will secede (put washington d.c., philly and nyc underwater)
- freezing of sea ice: ____ salinity
- increases
- may be locally impressive but still small compared to the glacial unit responsible for their formation
- intermediate scale erosion
- environmental data archived by ice cores
- temperature, atmospheric chemistry, net accumulation, dustiness of atmosphere, vegetation changes, volcanic history, anthropogenic emissions, entrapped microorganisms
- u-shaped valley
- after glaciation
- time scale for glacier adjustment
- the bigger the glacier, the longer it needs to adjust to changes in climate
- accumulation of glacial sediment deposited primarily by direct glacial action and possessing an initial constructional form that is independent of the underlying stratum
- moraines
- Disappearing Arctic Lakes due to
- Permafrost melting (which breaches the underlying frozen ground allowing the lake to drain into the surface)
- formed at a stationary terminus as debris accumulates in front of the terminus
- end moraines
- if climate remained constant
- the glacier would ultimately achieve balance
- striae, rat tails, crescentic fractures
- small scale erosion
- addresses if we have enough surface water based on estimating ocean circulation and climate
- SWOT
- surface winds drive...
- surface currents (10% of ocean)
- wetland ecology tells us
- sediment and nutrient transport, CO2 and CH4 evasion to atmosphere, quality of biology habitat
- what is range of global ocean salinity
- 30-40%
- unconsolidated material deposited along the sides of an alpine glacier (may form along sides of valley walls)
- lateral moraine
- transfer of mass between accumulation zone to ablation zone
- ice flow redistributes mass from the accumulation to the ablation zone
- most common and conspicuous features produced by glacial abrasion
- striae
- formed by the merging of two or more tributary glaciers
- confluent glacier
- what is the mountain peak formed from the coalescing of at least 3 glaciers
- Horn
- downslope direction from accumulation region to ablation region
- glacier flow
- rivers of ice moving down mountain slopes
- mountain glaciers
- evaporation: ____ salinity
- increases
- sediment transported by glaciers
- "the glacial conveyor" flows towards end moraine
- removal and transportation of material
- erosion
- could thermohaline circulation theoretically shut down
- yes (may have happened during last deglaciation causing Europe to plunge back to and temporary ice-age climate)
- what ends up in moraines?
- chunk of boulder and unsorted sediments brought down with flow of glaciers
- Southeastern U.S. 1 meter sea level rise will displace
- 2 million people
- loss of glaciers threatens the water resources in many parts of the world that are necessary for
- hydroelectric power production, crop irrigation, municipal water supplies
- precipitation: ____ salinity
- decreases
- roche moutonnee, crag and tail, grooves
- intermediate scale erosion
- oceans play critical role in climate system by...
- regulating the temperature and humidity of the lower atmosphere
- deep ocean water
- has high salinity, low temperatures, high density
- three components of glacier movement
- internal deformation, basal sliding, deformation of subglacial sediments
- junction of two ice lobes, margin of maximum ice advance, exit of subglacial tunnel, meltwater streams build outwash plain
- continental glaciation
- warmest year on record
- 1998
- wind patterns and ocean currents as a result of rotating earth
- coriolis effect
- why does freezing of water affect salinity?
- fresh water freezes more quickly than salt water. removal of fresh water increases salinity
- large ice masses that cover most or all of the landscape (ex antarctica/greenland)
- ice sheets
- very small compared to the size of the ice mass responsible for their formation
- small scale erosion