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Clep Bio Chapter 3

Terms

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mitochondria
organelles that make E available to the cells
stroma
body of cholorplast containing embedded disk-like plates
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis composed of certain protein molecules and RNA (rRNA)
smooth ER- SER
network of membranous channels- does not attach to ribosomes
central vacuole
makes volume of plant cells, stores water and soluble nutrients for plant's use
grana
embedded disk-like plates in stroma- site of photosynthetic reactions
cell wall
made of cellulose and lignin which makes it strong and rigid. encloses cell membrane
cristae
where cellular respiration occurs; folds of internal membranes
plant cell structure differs from animal by what 3 things
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
cytoskeleton
provides structural support to a cell
ADP
adenine diphosphate
least to greatest in sz: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, virus
virus, prokaryotic, eukaryotic
how exothermic reactions occur
coupled with the production of ATP or other molecule with high E chemical bonds
osmosis
diffusion only in water molecules, does not require the addition of E
does eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
type of cell with nucleus
isotonic or isomotic
equalized concentration by osmosis
a vitamin is an example of what kind of cofactor
organic
viruses are what kind of cellular
noncellular
ATP
adenosine triphosphate: E from the sun is transformed by photosynthetic organisms into chemical E in the form of this; contains one nitrogenous base, simple sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
cellular metabolism
general term including all types of E transformation including- photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement etc
nucleus contains
chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, and nucleoli
endocytosis
expels substance from cell; opposite of endocytosis
AMP
adenine monophosphate
nucleus
organelle surrounded by 2 lipid bilayer membranes
chloroplasts
found in plant cells- site of photosynthesis
why are enzymes effective catalyzts
bc of their shape
cilia / flagella
organelles which allow some cells to move on their own
2 types of passive transport
simple diffusion, osomosis
Nuclear membrane
between nucleus and cytoplasm; allows for entrance and exit of certain molecules via nuclear pores
lysosomes
membrane bound organelles containing digestive enzymes
organic cofactor
aka coenzymes- some not made by cells but must be obtained in the diet-usually vitamins
ER- endoplasmic reticulum
lg organization of folded membranes responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cytoplasm
mitochondria
center of cellular respiration
substrate
fits the active site
cellular respiration intake and release
intake oxy , release ATP
organelles
cell components that perform particular functions
Robert Hooke
1st to use the term "cells" when he observed cell walls of dead cork under a light m.scope
centrioles
tubes that form new microtubules
nucleus location
near center of eukaryotic cells, contains chromosomes
cell membrane
aka: plasma membrane- cells are enclosed in this. contains lipid bilayer
basal bodies
structurally similar to centrioles, function to anchor and aid in the movement of flagella
chlorophyll
pigment molecules that give chloroplasts their green color
prosthetic group
similar cofactors- facilitate enzyme reaction but are bound to enzyme, rather than being separate atoms or molecules
multicellular
many cells
Cell
smallest and most basic unit of most living things
microvilli
projections of the cell extending from the cell membrane. increase the surface area of the cell membrane thus increasing area avail to absorb nutrients
attached ribosomes
attached to the ER destined for use in the membrane bound organelles
where are mitochondria more numerous
in cells that require more E
vacuoles
membrane bound fluid filled sacs
enzyme substrate complex
substrate + active site=
microfilaments + lg microtubules form
form cytoskeleton providing stability and structure
E currency of cellular activity
ATP
Golgi apparatus
aka golgi bodies or golgi complex: important in storing, packing, and shipping proteins
regulation
enzyme control- occurs when the product of the reaction is also an inhibitor to the reaction or when a particular molecule is a regulator by changing the structure of the active site making the enzyme more or less effective
inorganic cofactor
metal ions- ex. iron, copper, or zinc
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
observed tiny organisms with microscopes
cytoplasmic organelles
all organelles outside the nucleus but w/in the cell membrane
how to viruses survive and replicate
by invading living cell then using cell's mechanism to reproduce, destroying the cell in the process
simple diffusion/ diffusion
molecules and ions flow through cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentraion
unicellular
one cell
endocytic organelles
allow the cell to absorb larger molecules than would be able to pass through the cell membrane or needed to remain packaged w/in the cell
active transport
req. E output from cell.-req. membrane bound proteins; opposite of norm diffusion; E from ATP added causes a protein molecule embedded in the membrane to change shape and move molecules across membrane
E in each step of the food chain
is lost in the form of heat
nucleoulus
rounded area within the nucleus of cell where Ribosomal RNA is synthesized
endosymbionic hypothesis
mitochondria became eukaryotic by evolution from prokaryotic 2bill yrs ago
tonoplast
central vacuole is bound by this type of membrane
primary producers
photosynthetic organisms that harvest solar E and transform it to chemical stored via carbs, fats, and proteins
If E in carbs, fats, and proteins where released at once
the cell would be overwhelmed
4 types of transport in cell membrane
passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, bulk transport
microtubules
long, hollow, cylindrical protein filaments which give structure to cell
enzymes
protein molecules acting as catalysts for organic reactions
catabolism
process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored E
microfilaments
dbl stranded chains of proteins which serve to give structure to the cell
cytoplasm location
between nucleus and cell membrane
2 types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Rough ER- RER
attached to ribosomes; packs and transports materials with in the cell but also important in protein synthesis
cell theory
all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are basic unit of life, all cells come from preexisting cells
how endothermic reactions occur
enzyme is coupled with breakdown of ATP or sim. molecules
active site
uniquely shaped area for the substrate
secretory vesicles
packets of material packed by ER or Golgi app.
free ribosomes
float unattached w/in the cytoplasm
Can viruses fufill the characteristics of life
not without invading the cell of another organism
how can environmental conditions be an inhibitor
things like high heat and acidity can change the shape of the active site and make the enzyme ineffective
endocytosis
lg. molecules are taken into pocket of membrane, pocket pinches off, delivering molecules in sack to cytoplasm
bulk transport
exo- and endocytosis
inhibitor
substance that attaches to an enzyme before substrate ensuring cellular reaction will not take place
passive transport
substances move freely across membrane without cell expending E
facilitated diffusion
does not req. added E; transfer occurs with help of specialized proteins;
Cofactor
non-protein substance sometimes req. in enzymatic reactions
organisms
living things
contractile vacuoles
expell waste and excess water form single celled organisms
cellular respiration
process of breaking up covalent bonds with sugar molecules by intake of Oxy and release of ATP
anabolism
process where cells build molecules and store E in the form of chemical bonds
cell membrane of plant tissue
sometimes channels connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells
product of enzymatic reaction
release of unchanged enzyme

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