Clep Bio Chapter 3
Terms
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- mitochondria
- organelles that make E available to the cells
- stroma
- body of cholorplast containing embedded disk-like plates
- ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis composed of certain protein molecules and RNA (rRNA)
- smooth ER- SER
- network of membranous channels- does not attach to ribosomes
- central vacuole
- makes volume of plant cells, stores water and soluble nutrients for plant's use
- grana
- embedded disk-like plates in stroma- site of photosynthetic reactions
- cell wall
- made of cellulose and lignin which makes it strong and rigid. encloses cell membrane
- cristae
- where cellular respiration occurs; folds of internal membranes
- plant cell structure differs from animal by what 3 things
- cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
- cytoskeleton
- provides structural support to a cell
- ADP
- adenine diphosphate
- least to greatest in sz: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, virus
- virus, prokaryotic, eukaryotic
- how exothermic reactions occur
- coupled with the production of ATP or other molecule with high E chemical bonds
- osmosis
- diffusion only in water molecules, does not require the addition of E
- does eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
- type of cell with nucleus
- isotonic or isomotic
- equalized concentration by osmosis
- a vitamin is an example of what kind of cofactor
- organic
- viruses are what kind of cellular
- noncellular
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate: E from the sun is transformed by photosynthetic organisms into chemical E in the form of this; contains one nitrogenous base, simple sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
- cellular metabolism
- general term including all types of E transformation including- photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement etc
- nucleus contains
- chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, and nucleoli
- endocytosis
- expels substance from cell; opposite of endocytosis
- AMP
- adenine monophosphate
- nucleus
- organelle surrounded by 2 lipid bilayer membranes
- chloroplasts
- found in plant cells- site of photosynthesis
- why are enzymes effective catalyzts
- bc of their shape
- cilia / flagella
- organelles which allow some cells to move on their own
- 2 types of passive transport
- simple diffusion, osomosis
- Nuclear membrane
- between nucleus and cytoplasm; allows for entrance and exit of certain molecules via nuclear pores
- lysosomes
- membrane bound organelles containing digestive enzymes
- organic cofactor
- aka coenzymes- some not made by cells but must be obtained in the diet-usually vitamins
- ER- endoplasmic reticulum
- lg organization of folded membranes responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- center of cellular respiration
- substrate
- fits the active site
- cellular respiration intake and release
- intake oxy , release ATP
- organelles
- cell components that perform particular functions
- Robert Hooke
- 1st to use the term "cells" when he observed cell walls of dead cork under a light m.scope
- centrioles
- tubes that form new microtubules
- nucleus location
- near center of eukaryotic cells, contains chromosomes
- cell membrane
- aka: plasma membrane- cells are enclosed in this. contains lipid bilayer
- basal bodies
- structurally similar to centrioles, function to anchor and aid in the movement of flagella
- chlorophyll
- pigment molecules that give chloroplasts their green color
- prosthetic group
- similar cofactors- facilitate enzyme reaction but are bound to enzyme, rather than being separate atoms or molecules
- multicellular
- many cells
- Cell
- smallest and most basic unit of most living things
- microvilli
- projections of the cell extending from the cell membrane. increase the surface area of the cell membrane thus increasing area avail to absorb nutrients
- attached ribosomes
- attached to the ER destined for use in the membrane bound organelles
- where are mitochondria more numerous
- in cells that require more E
- vacuoles
- membrane bound fluid filled sacs
- enzyme substrate complex
- substrate + active site=
- microfilaments + lg microtubules form
- form cytoskeleton providing stability and structure
- E currency of cellular activity
- ATP
- Golgi apparatus
- aka golgi bodies or golgi complex: important in storing, packing, and shipping proteins
- regulation
- enzyme control- occurs when the product of the reaction is also an inhibitor to the reaction or when a particular molecule is a regulator by changing the structure of the active site making the enzyme more or less effective
- inorganic cofactor
- metal ions- ex. iron, copper, or zinc
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- observed tiny organisms with microscopes
- cytoplasmic organelles
- all organelles outside the nucleus but w/in the cell membrane
- how to viruses survive and replicate
- by invading living cell then using cell's mechanism to reproduce, destroying the cell in the process
- simple diffusion/ diffusion
- molecules and ions flow through cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentraion
- unicellular
- one cell
- endocytic organelles
- allow the cell to absorb larger molecules than would be able to pass through the cell membrane or needed to remain packaged w/in the cell
- active transport
- req. E output from cell.-req. membrane bound proteins; opposite of norm diffusion; E from ATP added causes a protein molecule embedded in the membrane to change shape and move molecules across membrane
- E in each step of the food chain
- is lost in the form of heat
- nucleoulus
- rounded area within the nucleus of cell where Ribosomal RNA is synthesized
- endosymbionic hypothesis
- mitochondria became eukaryotic by evolution from prokaryotic 2bill yrs ago
- tonoplast
- central vacuole is bound by this type of membrane
- primary producers
- photosynthetic organisms that harvest solar E and transform it to chemical stored via carbs, fats, and proteins
- If E in carbs, fats, and proteins where released at once
- the cell would be overwhelmed
- 4 types of transport in cell membrane
- passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, bulk transport
- microtubules
- long, hollow, cylindrical protein filaments which give structure to cell
- enzymes
- protein molecules acting as catalysts for organic reactions
- catabolism
- process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored E
- microfilaments
- dbl stranded chains of proteins which serve to give structure to the cell
- cytoplasm location
- between nucleus and cell membrane
- 2 types of cells
- prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- Rough ER- RER
- attached to ribosomes; packs and transports materials with in the cell but also important in protein synthesis
- cell theory
- all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are basic unit of life, all cells come from preexisting cells
- how endothermic reactions occur
- enzyme is coupled with breakdown of ATP or sim. molecules
- active site
- uniquely shaped area for the substrate
- secretory vesicles
- packets of material packed by ER or Golgi app.
- free ribosomes
- float unattached w/in the cytoplasm
- Can viruses fufill the characteristics of life
- not without invading the cell of another organism
- how can environmental conditions be an inhibitor
- things like high heat and acidity can change the shape of the active site and make the enzyme ineffective
- endocytosis
- lg. molecules are taken into pocket of membrane, pocket pinches off, delivering molecules in sack to cytoplasm
- bulk transport
- exo- and endocytosis
- inhibitor
- substance that attaches to an enzyme before substrate ensuring cellular reaction will not take place
- passive transport
- substances move freely across membrane without cell expending E
- facilitated diffusion
- does not req. added E; transfer occurs with help of specialized proteins;
- Cofactor
- non-protein substance sometimes req. in enzymatic reactions
- organisms
- living things
- contractile vacuoles
- expell waste and excess water form single celled organisms
- cellular respiration
- process of breaking up covalent bonds with sugar molecules by intake of Oxy and release of ATP
- anabolism
- process where cells build molecules and store E in the form of chemical bonds
- cell membrane of plant tissue
- sometimes channels connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells
- product of enzymatic reaction
- release of unchanged enzyme