photosynthesis
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- The ATP synthase complex is a series of proteins which
- allow protons to move down their concentration gradient.
- what is the purpose of the light-dependent reaction:
- to convert solar energy into chemical energy by producing ATP & NADPH
- What is the advantage of noncyclic photophosphorylation over cyclic photophosphorylation?
- Noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADPH; cyclic produces only ATP.
- the diagram shows two of the reactants for the Calvin reactions of photosynthesis being produced. What are they?
- ATP and NADPH
- cyclic:
- When electrons move through the electron transport system, they are not carried over to NADPH; instead, they move in a circular fashion from Photosystem I to the cytrochrome complex.
- organisms that use both processes l and ll are called:
- autotrophs
- Where is the photosynthetic electron transport system located?
- it is embedded in the thylakoids
- Each molecule of ____ that is produced needs 3 times the requirements shown in the diagram
- PGAL
- Which photostystem is supplied with electrons from the other photosystem?
- PSl
- Which stage of the Calvin cycle will require both ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions?
- carbon dioxide reduction
- What is the location of the light reactions?
- thylakoid membrane
- Energy needed to drive the Calvin cycle comes from ATP and____
- NADPH
- The p symbols represent phosphate groups. Phosphate groups with high-energy bonds have been transferred to carbon compounds from ____
- ATP
- atp synthase:
- Enzyme that enzymatically produces ATP from ADP + P, through chemiosmosis.
- nadph is to photosynthesis as ____ is to cellular respiration
- NADH/FADH
- ATP = ADP + P (what reaction?)
- Calvin cycle
- Energy used for an organism to do work is
- kinetic energy.
- which materials, hydrogen ions or electrons, go to more than 1 destination?
- electrons
- What is the location for the calvin cycle?
- stroma
- thylakoid is to cholorplast as _____ is to mitochondira
- cristae
- What material is an unused by-product of the light reactions?
- oxygen
- What are the inputs for the calvin cycle?
- carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH (and 2 H+)
- The enzyme rubisco catalyzes
- the addition of a carbon from carbon dioxide onto a 5C molecule.
- Explain how chromatography works:
- chromatography is the separation of mixtures. it passes a mixture which has been dissolved in a mobile phase through a stationary stage. it separates into chemicals from which they are made.
- H20 = 2h+ + o2 + 2e- (what reaction?)
- PSll
- What gas is needed by the calvin cycle?
- CO2
- RuBP + O2 = PGA + glycolate (what reaction?)
- photorespiration
- c4 plant:
- plant that fixes co2 to produce a c4 molecule that releases CO2 to the calvin cycle
- Describe PSl:
- electrons and light go in. highly energized electrons come out.
- thylakoids in a chloroplast:
- Flattened sac within a chloroplast. This is where the light reactions in photosynthesis occur.
- Energy storing compounds for the calvin cycle?
- PGAL
- What are the products for the light reactions?
- ATP, NADPH, O2
- summarize PSl:
- electrons and light go in and highly energized electrons come out
- stoma:
- (Pl. stomata) Small openings on a leaf through which gases pass.
- results of PSll:
- water is split yielding H+, E-, and O2. ATP is produced. NADP+ accepts H+ and 2e- and becomes NADPH
- what are the outputs of the calvin cycle?
- sucrose
- what is the purpose of photosynthesis overall:
- to convert solar energy into chemical energy by producing sugar
- The electron carriers use the energy derived from the movement of electrons to
- pump hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
- granum:
- (Pl. grana) Stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast.
- In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight is captured by the plant and stored
- in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.
- What are the products for the calvin cycle?
- PGAL, ADP, P, NADP+
- In order to produce a single carbohydrate molecule such as glucose the Calvin cycle must turn
- two times.
- photosystem 2:
- Consists of a pigment complex and electron-acceptor molecules. It's adjacent to an enzyme that oxydizes water.
- What supplies the materials (hydrogen ions and electrons) that keep the light reactions going?
- water
- photolysis:
- when water is split into oxygen and hydrogen
- what structure provides the 2 photosystems that absorb the energy and convert the materials?
- thylakoids
- The electromagnetic spectrum contains_____.
- energy from gamma radiation to radio waves, with visible light in between
- The energy that flows from photosynthesis to respiration comes originally from the ___
- sun
- What happens to this light that is not absorbed?
- it is reflected
- What is the reservoir for hydrogen ions during photosynthesis?
- thylakoid space
- PGA = RuBP (what reaction?)
- calvin cycle
- stroma:
- Fluid within a chloroplast. It contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis. calvin cycle occurs here
- Organisms that cannot make their own food do not have the enzymes for the chemical reactions used in the ___ process:
- photosynthesis
- photosystem 1:
- Consists of a pigment complex and electron-acceptor molecules. It's adjacent to the enzyme that reduces NADPH+ to NADPH.
- Describe PSll:
- sunlight and water go in. the water is broken down to oxygen and electrons. the electrons get energized and go into an electron acceptor and then into electron transport chain and then they go to PSl
- what is a pigment?
- a material that can change the color of light it reflects. any material which results in the color of plant of animal cells
- What are the reactants for the calvin cycle?
- ATP, NADPH, CO2
- What is another name for white light?
- vision light
- PGA + NADPH + ATP = PGAL + NADP+ + ADP +P (what reaction?)
- calvin cycle
- what are the products of the light reactions?
- ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
- Which photosystem absorbs sunlight and boosts electrons in energy?
- both.
- The 3 elements that cycle between photosynthesis and respiration are:
- hydrogen, oxygen, water
- Substances that would be found from respiration to photosynthesis would be ____gas and ____ (a liquid)
- CO2, water
- Which PS breaks down water?
- PSll
- a photosystem is:
- a group of pigments that capture photons and energize electrons
- where does photosynthesis take place?
- the chloroplast
- O2 +glucose = H2O + CO2 (what reaction?)
- cellular respiration
- With what energy-storage compound does the trail of electrons end?
- NADPH
- The main purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is to
- convert sunlight energy into ATP and NADPH.
- stroma is to chloroplast as _____ is to mitochondria
- matrix
- Organisms that make their own food, as well as those that cannot, have the enzymes for the chemical reactions used in the _______ process
- aerobic cellular respiration
- CAM plants require less ____
- water.
- Substances that would be found in Photosynthesis to respiration are ____gas and ____, an energy rich compound
- oxygen, sugar
- Which of the color bars should be the highest, indicating the greatest amount of light absorption by green plants?
- violet... then red
- Materials needed for the Calvin cycle come from _____ and CO2
- NADPH
- Green plant chlorophyll is found within the ______.
- thylakoid membranes
- ADP + P = ATP (what reaction?)
- atp synthetase
- summarize PSll:
- sunlight and water go in. the water is broken down to oxygen and electrons. the electrons get energized and go into an electron acceptor and then into electron transport chain and then go to PSl
- Compared to other, nonphotosynthetic organisms, what is particularly unique about the photosynthetic electron transport system?
- the generation of ATP and NADPH with light energy
- The diagram shows the requirements for incorporating one molecule of _____ into the carbon cycle
- CO2
- what supplies the energy that keeps the light reactions going?
- sunlight
- RuBP + CO2 = 2 PGA (what reaction?)
- calvin cycle
- c3 plant:
- plant that directly uses the calvin cycle. thrives in areas where sunlight intensity/temp is moderate and high co2 concentration
- What are the H+ from water used for?
- NADPH
- what goes into the light reactions of photosynthesis?
- sunlight and water
- What 3 visible light colors are least absorbed by green plants?
- green, yellow, and orange
- what is the purpose of exciting electrons?
- to make high energy compounds (ATP, NADPH)
- What happens to the oxygen from water?
- it is given off, some goes to cellular respiration
- Organisms that make their own food use the process _____
- photosynthesis
- What are the reactants for the light reactions?
- water, adp, p, nadp+
- reaction center of the photosystem:
- The reaction center channels the energy out of the photosystem to the light-independent reactions.
- noncyclic:
- Energy flow from electrons can be traced from water to a molecule of NADPH.
- If light was maximally absorbed by a photosynthetic system, what will be the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature was increased?
- The rate of photosynthesis would increase.
- Energy storing compounds for the light reactions?
- ATP, NADPH
- Which photosystem is supplied with electrons from water?
- PSll
- what is the equation for photosynthesis:
- 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ light energy) = 6C6H12O6 + 6O2
- do pigments reflect the same color they absorb? Explain:
- No, the reflected wavelengths of the light determine the color of the pigment of what (the color) appears to be to the eye
- What is the role of the electron transport system in the light-dependent pathway of photosynthesis?
- production of NADPH molecules
- what do the light dependent systems produce?
- NADPH, ATP, OXYGEN