Psychology Ch.5 Vocab

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Terms

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A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.: learning
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.: conditioning
The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.: classical conditioning

also called respondent or Pavlovian conditioning
The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.: unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditional stimulus.: unconditioned response (UCR)
A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.: conditioned stimulus (CS)
The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.: conditioned response (CR)
The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well.: stimulus generalization
The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.: stimulus discrimination
The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, this occurs when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.: Extinction (in classical conditioning)
The reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.: spontaneous recovery
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.: behaviorism
An individual's psychological and physiological responseto what is actually a fake treatment or drug.: placebo response

also called placebo effect
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when and organism becomes ill after eating the food.: taste aversion
In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.: biological preparedness
Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur i: law of effect
Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.: operant
The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.: operant conditioning

also called Skinnerian conditioning
The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelyhood of that response being repeated.: reinforcement
A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.: positive reinforcement
A situation in wchic a rosponse results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.: negative reinforcement
A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.: primary reinforcer
A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value bye being associated with a primary reinforcer.: conditioned reinforcer

also called a secondary reinforcer
The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.: punishment
A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus.: punishment by application

or

positive punishment
A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus.: punishment by removal

or

negative punishment
A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.: discriminative stimulus
The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the realtionship between environmental events and active behaviors.: operant chamber

or

Skinner box
A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurence of a particular response is reinforced.: continuous reinforcement
A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.: partial reinforcement
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, this occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.: extinction (in operant conditioning)
The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement.: partial reinforcement effect
The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses.: schedule of reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred.: fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.: variable-ratio (VR) schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.: fixed-interval (FI) schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.: variable-interval (VI) schedule
The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.: behavior modification
Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.: cognitive map
Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.: latent learning
A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.: learned helplessness
The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.: instinctive drift
Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.: observational learning
A classically conditioned response in which stimuli that reliably precede the administration of a drug elicit a physiological reaction that counteracts, or it opposite to, the drug's effects.: conditioned compensatory response (CCR)
The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer appoximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.: shaping

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