progressives quiz
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- 18th amendment
- after years of effort, temperance leaders persuaded congress the pass the 18th amendment in 1917. the amendment enforced prohibition, a ban in the sale and consumption of alcohol. it was ratified in 1919.
- patronage and the spoils system
- a key source of corruption was the spoils system, the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jubs. the spoils system had grouwn since the age of jackson.
- civil service
- in 1883, chester a arthur signed the pendleton act. it created the civil service commission. the civil service is a system that includes most government jobs, except elected positions, the judiciary, and the milityary. the aim of the Civil Service Commission was to fill jobs on the basis of merit. jobs went to those with the highest scores on civil service examinations.
- pure food and drug act
- this required food and drug makers to list all the ingredients on packages. tr helped make this happen.
- square deal
- roosevelt promised americans a square deal during his campaign. by this, he meant that everyone from farmers and consumers to workers and owners should have the same opportunity to succeed. that pormise helped his win a huge victory
- jacob riis
- some muckrakers described how corruption in city government led to inadequate fire, police, and sanitation services. jacob riis, a phtographer and writer, provided shocking images of slum life.
- 19th amendment
- by 1919, congress passed the ninteenth amendment guaranteeing woman the right to vote. by august 1920, three fourths of the states had ratified the amendment. the ninteenth amendment doubled the number of eligible voters
- carry nation
- she was a more radiclal temperance crusader. after her husband died from heavy drinking, Nation often stormed into saloons. swinging a hatchet, she smashed beer kegs and liquor bottles. she won publicity, but her actions embarrassed the WCTU
- suffrage
- the right to vote: franchise
- ida b wells
- the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.
- lewis hine
- he was the national child labor committee's greatest publicist. he was a teacher who left his profession to work full time as investigator for the committee. hime prepared a number of the committees reports and took some of the most powerful images in the history of documentary photography.
- 17th amendment
- US senators had previously been elected by state legislatures. powerful interest groups often bribed lawmakers to vote for certain candidates. progressives wanted to end this abuse by having people vote for senators directly. the seventeenth amendment, ratified in 1913, required the direct election of senators.
- interstate commerce act
- under the constitution, the federal government has the power to regulate insterstate commerce, or trade that crosses state lines. in 1887, president grover cleveland signed the interstate commerce act. it forbade practices such as rebates. it also set up the interstate commerce commission to oversea railroads.
- muckraker
- the press played an important role in exposing corruption and other problems. President theodore roosevelt compared reporters who uncovered problems to men who raked up dirt, or much in stables. muckraker became tghe term for a crusading journalist
- la follette
- opposed political bosses. he appointed commissions of experts to solve problems. for example, his railroad commission recommended lowering railroad rates. as rates decreased, rail traffic increased, which helped both railroad owners and customers. since the age of jackson, party leaders had picked candidates for local and state offices. in 1903, wisconsin was the first state to adopt a primary run by state government officials. a primary is an election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose their party's candidate. some states instituted reforms to put more power in the hands of voters. one such reform was the recall, a process by which people may vote to remove an elected official from office. the recal made it easier to get rid of corrupt officials. other reforms gave voters a direct say in the lawmaking process. the initiative is a process that allows viters to put a bill before a state legislature. in order to propose an initiative, voters must collect a certain number of signatures on a petition. the referendum is a way for people to vote directly on a proposed new law.
- thomas nast
- cartoonist thomas nast picured tweed as a greedy giant and as a vulture feeding on the city. faced with prison, tweed fled to spain. there, local police arrested when they recognized him from Nast's cartoons.
- lincoln steffens
- an american journalist who specialized in investigating government and political corruption, and two collections of his articles were published as The Shame of the Cities (1904) and The Struggle for Self-Government (1906).
- new freedom
- wilson hoped to restore free competition among american corporations. he called his program to achieve this goal the NEw Freedom. to ensure fair competition, wilson persuaded Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission in 1914. they had the power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair practices to destroy competitors. he signed the clayton antitrust act in 1914. the new law banned some business practices that limited competition. in addition, it stopped antitrust laws from be3ing used against union. to regulate banking, congress passed the federal reserve act in 1913. the act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government the power to raise or lower interest rates and control the money supply.
- sherman anti-trust act
- president benjamin harrison signed the sherman antitrust act in 1890. it prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competition. the law sounded tough but proved difficult to enforce.
- 16th amendment
- when the supreme court ruled that a federal income tax was unconstitutional, progressives called for a constitutional amendment. the sixteenth amendment, which gave congress the power to pass an income tax (a method of taxation that taxes people at different rates depending on income), was ratified in 1913
- upton sinclair
- in 1906, upton sinclair's novel the jungle told grisly details about the meatpacking industry. sinclair described how packers used meat from sick and animals and how rats often got ground up in the meat.
- Ida tarbell
- some muckrakers targeted big businesses. ida tarbell's work led to demands for more controls on trusts. she accused oil baron john d rockefeller of unfair business methods.
- dewey and the progressive educator
- he was a leading representative of the progressive movement in U.S. schooling. Dewey believed there is an intimate connection between education and social action in a democracy. Dewey recognized that schools, particularly elementary and secondary schools, often were repressive institutions that did not promote exploration and growth. He wrote about, and helped to implement, a number of reforms that would allow schools to be "major agencies for the development of free personalities. Dewey believed that school should teach students how to be problem-solvers by helping students learn how to think rather than simply learning rote lessons about large amounts of information. In Dewey's view, schools should focus on judgment rather than knowledge so that school children become adults who can "pass judgments pertinently and discriminateingly on the problems of human living" . Dewey also believed that schools should help students learn to live and to work cooperatively with others.
- frances willard
- in 1874, a group of women organized the woman's christian termperance union. frances willard became its president in 1879. she spoke tirelessly about the evils of alcohol. she called for state laws to ban the sale of liquor. she also worked to close saloons. in time, she joined the suffrage movement.