Chem Regents
Terms
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- absolute zero
- the lowest possible temp, written as 0K or -273.15 C
- Accuracy
- the closeness of a measurement to an accepted value
- Acid Ionization Constant
- a constant whose value indicates the relative strength of an acid in aqueous solution.
- activated complex
- the intermediate state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction; the peak of potiental energy diagram
- activation energy
- the minimum energy needed to initiate a reaction
- addition polymerization
- the joining of unsaturated monomers by a series of addition reactions
- alcohol
- an organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH)group
- alkali metal
- any group 1 element excluding hydrogen H
- alkaline earth element
- any group 2 element
- alkyl group
- an open chained hydrocarbon less one hydrogen atom
- methyl group
- CH3
- ethyl group
- C2H5
- allotrope
- a specific form of an element that can exist in more than one form; graphite and diamond are allotropes pf the element carbon
- alloy
- a solid metallic solution
- alpha decay
- the radioactive process in which an alpha particle is emitted
- amino acid
- an organic compound containing at least one amino group and one carboxyl group
- amino group
- an ammonia group less than one hydrogen atom -NH2
- amphiprotic
- pertaining to a substance that can act as a Bronsted-Lowry acid or base by donating and accepting H+ ions
- anhydrous
- pertaining to a compound from which the water of crystallization has been removed
- anode
- the electrode at which oxidation occurs
- aqueous
- pertaining to a solution in which water is a solvent
- aromatic hydrocarbon
- any rong hydrocarbon whose electronic is related to that of benzene
- Arrhenius Acid
- any substance that releases H+ ion in water
- Arrhenius Base
- any substance that releases OH- ions in water
- Atom
- the basic unit of an element
- atomic mass
- the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element
- atomic mass unit
- one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
- atomic number
- the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom the atomic number defines the element
- atomic radius
- a calculated estimate of the size of an atom
- avogadro's hypothesis
- equal volumes of gases, measured at the same temp and pressure, contain equal numbers of particles
- avogadro's #
- the # of particles in 1 mole; 6.02 x 10 [23]
- base ionization constant
- a constant whose value indicates the relative strength of a base in aqueous solution
- battery
- a commercial voltaic cell
- benzene
- C6H6; the parent hydrocarbon of all aromatic compounds
- beta decay
- the radioactive process in which a beta particle is emitted
- beta (-) particle
- an electron
- beta (+) particle
- a positron
- binary compound
- a compound containing two elements
- binding energy
- the energy realeased when a nucleus is assembled from its nucleons
- boiling
- the transition of a liquid to a gas; boiling occurs when a vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure above the liquid
- boiling point
- the temp at which boiling occurs; the temp at which the liquid and vapor phases of a substance are in equilibrium
- boiling point elevation
- the increase in the boiling point of a solvent due to the presence of solute particles
- bond energy
- the energy needed to break a chemical bond
- Boyle's Law
- a constant temp and mass, the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume; P1V1=P2V2
- breeder reactor
- a fission reactor that generates its own nuclear fuel
- bright line spectrum
- the lines of visible light emitted by elements as electrons fall to lower energy levels
- Bronsted Lowry acid
- a substance that can donate H+ ions.
- Bronsted Lowry base
- a substance that can accept H+ ions
- catalyst
- a substance that speeds a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
- cathode
- the electrode at which reduction occurs
- chain reaction
- a chemical or nuclear reaction in which one step supplies energy or reactants for the next step
- charle's law
- at constant pressure and mass, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to Kelvin temp; v/t=v/t
- chemical bond
- the stabilizing of two atoms by sharing or transferring electrons
- chemical energy
- the part of internal energy that is associated with te bonds and intermolecular attractions of substances
- chemical equation
- a shorthand listing of reactants, products and molar quantities in a chemical reaction
- chemical equilibrium
- the state in which the forward and reverse reactions are equal
- chemical property
- a property that describes the composition and reactivity of a substance
- chemical reaction
- a process in which one or more substances are converted into other substances
- chromatography
- the process in which the components of certain mixtures are separated because of their differences in solubility
- coefficient
- a # in a chemical equation that indicates how many particles of a reactant or product are required or formed in the reaction.
- colligative property
- a property that depends in the # of particles present rather than a type of a particle
- combined gas law
- at constant mass, the product of the pressure and volume divided by the kelvin temp is a constant PV/T=PT/T
- common ion effect
- an equilibrium shift caused by the addition of an ion present in a reaction
- compound
- a combination of two or more elements with a fixed composition by mass
- concentrated
- pertaining to a solution that contains relatively large quantity of solute
- concentration
- the "strength" of a solution; the of solute relative to the quantity of solvent
- condensation
- the change of gas to liquid
- condensation polymerization
- the joining of monomers by a series of dehydration reactions
- conjugate acid-base pair
- two particles that differ by a single H+
- constitutional isomers
- isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in different orders
- control rod
- a part of a fission reactor that controls the rate of fission by absorbing neutrons
- coordinate covalent bond
- a single covalent bond in which the pair of electrons is supplied by one atom
- covalent atomic radius
- the effective distance from the nucleus of a covalently bonded atom to its valence level
- covalent bond
- a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons
- cracking
- the process of breaking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones in order to increase the yield of compounds such as gasoline
- crystallizaton
- the process in which a solute separates from its solution
- decomposition
- a reaction in which a compound forms two or more simpler substances
- deposition
- the direct transition from gas to solid
- diatomic molecules
-
a neutral particle consisting of two atoms
ex Br2 and CO - diffusion
- the movement of one subtance to another
- dilute
- peratining to a solution that contains a relatively small quantity of solute; to reduce a concentration of a solution by adding solvent
- dipole
- an unsymmetrical charge distribution in a nuetral molecule
- dipole-dipole attraction
- the attractive force between two opposite charged dipoles of nieghboring polar molecules
- dipersion forces
- the attractive forces between nieghboring nonpolar molecules
- dissociation
- the separation of an ionic compound in solution into positive and negative ions
- distillation
- the simultaneous boiling of a liquid and condensation of its vapor
- ductility
- the property of a substance that allows it to be drawn into a wire; metallic substances possess ductility
- dynamic equilibrium
- the state in which the rates of opposing processes are equal
- effusion
- the escape pf gas from a small porous opening
- electrochemical cell
- a voltaic cell or an electrolytic cell
- electrode
- a conductor in an chemical or electrolytic cell that serves as a site of oxidation or reduction
- electrolysis
- a nonspontaneous redox reaction driven by an external source of electricity
- electrolyte
- a substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity
- electrolytic cell
- a device for carrying out electrolysis
- electron
- the elementary unit or negative (-) charge
- electron affinity
- the energy change that occurs when an atom or ion gains an electron
- electronegativity
- the measure of an atom's attraction for a bonded pair of electrons
- electroplating
- the use of an electric current to deposit a layer of metal on a negatively charged object
- element
- a substance of all whose atoms have the same atomic #
- elementary reactions
- a series of simpler reactions that are "building blocks" of a more complex reaction
- empirical formula
- a formula in which the elements are present in the smallest whole-number ratio; NO2 is that but C2H4 is not
- endothermic reactions
- a reaction that absorbs energy
- energy
- a quantity related to an object's capacity to do work
- enthalpy change
- the heat energy absorbed or released by a system
- entropy
- the measure of randomness or disorder of a system
- ester
- the organic product of esterification
- esterfication
- the reaction of an acid with an alcohol to produce an ester and water
- evaporation
- the surface transitition of liquid to gas
- excited state
- a condition in which one or more electrons in an atom are no longer in the lowest possible energy state
- exothermic reaction
- a reaction that releases energy
- fermentation
- the (anaerobic) oxidation of a sugar such as glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide; the reaction is catalyzed bby enyzmes
- filtration
- the process in which a precipitate is recovered from a mixture
- first ionization energy
- the quantity of energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from an isolated neutral atom
- first law of thermodynamics
- energy is conserved in any process
- fission
- a nuclear reaction in ehich a heavy nuclide splits to form lighter nuclides and energy
- freezing
- the transition from liquid to solid
- freezing point
- the temp at which freezing occurs
- fusion
- a synonym for melting; also a nuclear process in which light nuclides join to form heavier nuclides and produce radiant energy
- gas
- the phase in which matter neither has definite shape nor volume
- graham's law of effusion
- at constant temp and pressure, the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass or density
- ground state
- the electron configuration of an atom in the lowest energy state
- Haber process
- the commercial procedure by which ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen
- half cell
- the part of an electrochemical cell in which oxidation or reduction occurs
- halogen
- any element in group 17
- heat
- the energy transferred between two objects when they are at different temps
- heat of fusion
- heat absorbed when a unit mass of solid changes to liquid at its melting point
- heat of reaction
- the heat absorbed or released as a result of a chemical reaction
- heat of vaporization
- the hear absorbed when a unit mass of liquid changes to gas at its melting point
- Hess's Law
- the heat absorbed or released in a given reaction can be expressed as the sum of the heats associated with other reactions if these reactions can be "added" to produce the original reaction.
- heterogenous mixture
- a nonuniform mixture
- homogenous mixture
- a mixture with uniform distribution of particles
- homologous series
- group of organic compounds with related structures and properties; each successive member of the series differs from the one before it by a specific number of carbon and hydrogen atoms
- hybrid orbital
- an orbital formed by the "mixing" of individual atomic orbitals
- hydration
- the association of water molecules with an ion or another molecule
- hydrogen bond
- an unusually strong molecular attraction that results when hydrogen is bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom
- hydrolysis
- a reaction in which a water molecule breaks a chemical bond
- ideal gas
- a model of gas in which the particles have no volume, do not attract or repel each other, and collide without loss of energy
- indicator
- a substance that undergoes a color change to signal a change in chemical conditions
- inert gas
- any element in group 18
- ion
- a particle in which the numbers of protons and electrons are not equal
- ionic bond
- the electrostatic attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound
- ionic compound
- substance whose particles consist of negative and positive ions.