Veterinary Medical Technology
Terms
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- 3 General Rules of Word Structure of Medical Terminology (These rules hold true for most medical terms.)
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1. Read the meaning of medical terms beginning w/the suffix, then proceed to the first part of the word and follow through.
2. Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
3. Retain the combining vowel between two roots. - Anterior
- pertaining to the front
- Caudad
- toward the tail
- Cranial
- pertaining to the head
- Caudocranial
- pertaining to the tail and head; directionally pertaining to coursing from the tail to the head
- Craniocaudal
- pertaining to the head and tail; directionally pertaining to coursing form the head to the tail.
- Dorsal
- pertaining to the back; clinically refers to the dorsum of the head, neck, trunk, and tail.
- Palmar
- pertaining to the palm; in veterinary medicine refers to the sole of the forefeet of domestic animals.
- Dorsopalmar
- pertaining to the dorsum and palm; directionally pertaining to coursing from the dorsum to the palm (forefoot).
- Plantar
- pertaining to the sole; in veterinary medicine refers to the sole of the hindfoot of domestic animals.
- Dorsoplantar
- pertaining to the dorsum and sole; directionally pertaining to coursing from the dorsum to the sole (hindfoot)
- Ventral
- pertaining to the belly; clinically refers to those surfaces of the head, neck, trunk, and tail oriented the same as the belly surface.
- Dorsoventral
- pertaining to the back and the belly; directionally pertaining to coursing from the sorsumj to the belly.
- Lateral
- pertaining to the side
- Medial
- pertaining to the middle
- Mediolateral
- pertaining to the middle and side; directionally pertaining to coursing from the middle to the side.
- Palmarodorsal
- pertaining to the palm and dorsum; directionally pertaining to coursing from the sole to the dorsum (forefoot)
- Plantarodorsal
- pertaining to the sole and dorsum; directionally pertaining to coursing from the sole to the dorsum (hindfoot)
- Posterior
- pertaining to the rear
- Rostral
- pertaining to the nose
- Name the 4 basic planes that divide the body.
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1. Median plane
2. Sagittal planes
3. Dorsal plane
4. transverse plane - Median plane
- divides the body into equal right and left halves. (Also referred to as midsagittal)
- Sagittal planes
- any planes that lie parallel to the median plane. Sagittal planes divide extremities longitudinally into medial and lateral aspects.
- Dorsal plane
- divides the animal into dorsal and ventral portions.
- Transverse plane
- intersects the body perpendicular to the bodies axis, dividing the trunk of the animal into cranial and caudal regions.
- distal
- distant
- proximal
- close
- Microscopic
- pertaining to a small view; clinically refers to something that requires visualization by use of a microscope.
- Cytology
- the study of cells
- Lysosomal
- pertaining to a dissolving/destructive body
- Intracellular
- pertaining to within cells
- Extracellular
- pertaining to outside of cells
- Nuclear
- pertaining to a nucleus
- Chromosome2
- a colored body
- Endoplasmic
- pertaining to within matter
- Centriole
- two cylindrical structures found near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. The centrioles lie perpendicular to one another and are of importance during mitosis.
- Cytoplasmic
- pertaining to cell matter (cytoplasm)
- Vacuole
- often appear microscopically as small, empty, cytoplasmic spaces, much like the appearance of holes in Swiss cheese. Actually, vacuoles are vesicles that often contain either food for the cell or waste prducts to be removed from the cell.
- Chromatic
- pertaining to color
- Phagocytosis3
- process of eating (by) cells.
- Pinocytosis
- process of drinking (by) cells.
- Nucleolus
- Nucleoli are small, dense structures w/in the nucleus that are composed mainly of RNA and protein. They usually are visible only in very active cells.
- Exocytosis
- processing out of a cell
- Mitosis
- a condition of a "thread"; clinically refers to cellular reproduction
- Nuclei
- plural of nucleus
- Intercellular
- pertaining to between cells
- Organelle
- a tiny organ
- Physiology
- the study of function
- Reticular
- pertaining to a net
- Ribosomal
- pertaining to an RNA body
- Centromere
- a central part
- Cells
- the smallest functional units of the body.
- Cyt
- refers to a cell
- Chromat
- refers to color
- Phago
- refers to cell eating
- Pino
- refers to cell drinking
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1. Inter
2. Intra
3. Extra -
1. between
2. within
3. outside of - "-ology" as a suffix
- "the study of"
- "some" as a suffix
- "a body"
- Nucle
- refers to nucleus
- Cellular membrane
- the outermost structure of a cell that forms an envelope around all of the intracellular components. It is composed of lipids and proteins.
- Cytoplasm
- a colorless fluid that gives the cell mass and suspends all of the intracellular organelles.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- a complex network of canals and flattened sacs throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It is devoid of ribosomes.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- a network of canals and flattened sacs throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It appears rough microscopically because of the many ribosomes attached to it.
- Ribosomes
- tiny, spherical organelles attached to the membrane of the rough endoplamic reticulum.
- Mitochondrion
- (mitochondria, plural) under the microscope, appear as tiny, elongated granules with thread-like ridges over their surfaces. The texture is created by the intricate maze of partitions within the mitochondrial interior.
- Lysosome
- small, enzyme-filled sacs. The enzymes within them literally dissolve particles with which thy come in contact.
- Golgi apparatus
- a specialized series of flattened sacs and vesicles near the nucleus.
- Nucleus
- a large intracellular organelle formed of loosley woven chromatin. The chromatin, when the cell is stained in the laboratory, readily accepts the stain, giving it a colorful appearance microscopically.
- Chromatin
- made up of loosely woven DNA, which when undergoing mitosis will become organized into the rod-like chromosomes that contain the blueprints of the cell.
- Nuclear membrane
- forms a porous envelope around tne nucleus
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1. organic compounds
2. inorganic compounds -
1. containing carbon
2. noncarbon containing - What is the atomic weight of an element determined by?
- The nuclear mass
- What is the atomic number of an element determined by?
- The number of protons (positively charged particles within the nucleus of an atom.
- The number of electrons in an atom equals the number of what?
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Protons in the nucleus
(This renders the atom neutral) - The atomic weight of an alement is approximately equal to what?
- The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- The stability of an atom is determined by what?
- By the number of electrons filling its outermost shell. Those filled to capacity are considered stable or inert.
- Electrolytes
- Salts, acids, or bases that dissociate into ions in body fluids. They affect many body functions. (ex. salts, like NaCl, tend to attract water, which has an impact on the hydration of the body.
- Bases
- compounds that combine with hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
- Acids
- compounds that release hydrogen ions in solution.
- The acid-base balance (pH) of the body is determined by what?
- the numbers of hydrogen ions (H+) versus bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Amino Acids
- A type of compound that are the "building blocks" for proteins. Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
- Nucleic Acids
- The most fundamental molecular compounds for cells. They contain phosphorus in addition to C, H, O, and N. (2 major types are DNA & RNA)