Honors Biology Midterm Review
This review contains flashcards to study for your Midterm.
Terms
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- scanning electron microscope
- An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
- weight
- another name for the force of gravity acting on an object
- cell wall
- strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
- nucleus
- the positively charged dense center of an atom
- tissue
- group of similar cells that perform a paritcular function
- atom
- (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
- polysaccharide
- A polymer of up to over 1000 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
- photosystem
- Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
- plastid
- stores food or contains pigment in plant cells (leukoplast is an example)
- organic compound
- a compound whose large molecules contain carbon
- organelle
- membrane bound structure inside a cell that performs a specific function
- diffusion
- movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
- chromosome
- a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
- amino acid
- An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Serve as the monomers of proteins.
- mitochondrion
- an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
- chemical reaction
- a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
- mixture
- two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
- stimuli
- What all living things respond to
- aerobic
- Presence of oxygen
- peptide bond
- covalent bond formed between amino acids
- lactic acid fermentation
- the type of fermentation that creates lactic acid and gives muscle cells a weak and sore sensation
- catabolism
- breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
- scientific method
- a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
- energy level
- a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
- phase
- state inwhich matter exists: solid liquid gas plasma
- neutron
- neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
- liter
- a metric unit of volume
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
- RNA
- A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages taken from DNA
- organ
- composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body
- alcoholic fermentation
- the process of breaking down sugars and creating alcohol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy in yeasts and other microorganisms
- electron
- negatively charged particle found in energy levels outside of the nucleus of an atom
- metabolism
- combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
- catalyst
- a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
- proton
- positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
- endoplasmic reticulum
- a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
- nucleolus
- structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
- lipid
- macromolecules used for energy storage, cell membranes, and waterproofing
- facilitated diffusion
- when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
- chemical property
- a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
- cell specialization
- cells are uniquely suited to perform a particular function
- macromolecule
- made in living systems from smaller building blocks covalently bonded; four classes: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
- enzyme
- a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate - what the cell uses for energy
- data
- information gathered from observations during an experiment
- electron transport chain
- the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
- Krebs cycle
- second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken into carbon dixide in a series of energy extracting reactions; also called Citric Acid Cycle
- homeostasis
- the process by which organsims keep their internal conditions reltively stable
- disaccharide
- 2 monosaccharides, linked using dehydration synthesis
- cubic centimeter
- also known as 1 cc or 1 mL
- acid
- releases hydrogen ions (H+); a chemical with a pH less than 7
- compound
- a type of matter that cotains two or more chemically combined elements
- monosaccharide
- single sugar monomers
- osmosis
- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- anabolism
- synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
- dehydration synthesis
- A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
- ionic bond
- a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another,which results in a positive ion and a negative ion.
- photosynthesis
- plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
- limit of resolution
- point at which an object can be seen clearly in a microscope, but after this is passed, the object becomes blurry
- kilogram
- A unit of mass equal to 1000 grams.
- transmission electron microscope
- An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
- carbohydrate
- a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules
- active transport
- to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
- base
- releases hydroxide atoms (OH-); a chemical with a pH more than 7
- chloroplast
- organelle in plant cells that converts the energy in sunlight into sugars
- cytoplasm
- a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
- cell
- The microscopic, living building blocks that every living thing is made up of
- control experiment
- standered of comparison in an experiment; does not contain the variable being tested
- solute
- What is being dissolved
- sexual reproduction
- two cells from different parents unite to form the first cell of a new offspring
- vacuole
- storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste
- isotope
- atom of the same element that have diffrent numbers of nentrons in their nuclei, but the same number of protons.
- nucleic acid
- macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
- ribosome
- small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
- science
- A body of knowledge about the natural world and a means of acquiring knowledge
- neutralization reaction
- the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and salt
- covalent bond
- A bond whose electrons are shared between atoms
- cell membrane
- thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- atomic number
- equals the number of protons in the nucle of a atom
- nucleotide
- The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
- anaerobic
- Absence of oxygen
- unicellular
- having or consisting of a single cell
- light reaction
- the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP and NADPH
- suspension
- a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily seperated by settling of filtration is a
- molecule
- (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
- fermentation
- process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
- theory
- a hypothesis that is generally accepted due to LOTS of experimental support
- meter
- a metric unit to measure length or distance (it's about the same as a yard)
- cytoskeleton
- A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and trasport functions.
- lysosome
- structure that breaks down food particles and worn out cell part
- glucose
- A sugar molecule made by producers during photosynthesis and "burned" by all organisms during respiration to make energy.
- metric system
- The system used to measure in a scientific laboratory
- polymer
- A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
- ion
- An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
- experiment
- the testing of an idea or hypothesis
- hydrolysis
- A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
- protein
- has monomers made of amino acids
- Celsius scale
- a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
- solvent
- Substance that does the dissolving
- monomer
- A small molecule that connects together to form polymers.
- selectively permeable
- when some substances can pass through a membrane easily when others cannot
- solution
- mixture of 2 or more substances that is homogeneous; consists of a solute and a solvent
- variable
- is a changeable factor in an experiment
- hypothesis
- possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
- multicellular
- consisting of many cells
- autotroph
- an organim that makes its own food.
- element
- pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
- chemical bonding
- the joining of atoms to form new substances. when formed electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
- glycolysis
- 1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
- nuclear envelope
- double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
- Calvin cycle
- uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose; also known as the dark reaction in photosynthesis
- mass number
- the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
- organ system
- A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
- compound light microscope
- microscope that uses light and has two lenses, one in the eyepiece, one in the objective. Magnification goes to 400X on our scopes
- nucleus
- Contains DNA chromosomes, control center of the cell, contained in the nuclear envelope, nucleolus makes RNA.
- pH scale
- measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution, ranges from 0-14
- chlorophyll
- green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
- prokaryote
- organism without a nucleus
- pigment
- in plants, a compound that absorbs light and imports color
- physical property
- A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
- dark reaction
- the second stage of photosynthesis that starts with ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide and produces glucose
- Golgi apparatus
- Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination
- inorganic compound
- a compound whose large molecules do NOT contain carbon
- mass
- the amount of matter in an object
- DNA
- the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
- irritability
- the ability of living tissue to respond to stimulus
- eukaryote
- organism with a nucleus
- polymerization
- the process of joining monomers together to make polymers
- heterotroph
- gets energy from eating other living things such as autotrophs
- cholesterol
- a sterol produced only by animals
- respiration
- the process by which most living things break food down into energy when oxygen is present
- cell theory
- all living thing composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells produced from existing cells