Microbiology test 2

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Cause's DNA to unzip during DNA replition: Helicase
Cause's the re-pairing, and catches mistakes during DNA replication: DNA polymerase I
Corrects mistakes during DNA replication: DNA polymerase III
Forms Hydrogen bonds and Final bonding in DNA replication: Ligase
Recoils DNA to complete DNA replication: Gyrase
What is DNA replication: The process by which DNA duplicates itself prior to cell divison
What is trascription of mRNA: The process by which mRNA is made from info encoded by a gene (limited DNA site)
In mRNA what is the range of nucleotides: 100-1000's nucleotides long
what is any sequence of 3 nitrogen bases or Nucleotides: Codon
How many Codon combo's are there. How many code for an amino acid?: 64 total. 61 code for amino acid
What is the start codon: AUG, Methionine
Name the 3 stop codon's: UAA, UAG, UGA,
What is Translation: The change of gentic info carried by mRNA into an amino acid chain or protien.
What are the 6 Gateways to infection: Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, fecal bacteria (exit), respiratory, Urogential, Pregnancy, Nonsocomial (dr visits)
How many Cells in the human body: 75 trillon
What is a Mutation: Any perminate inheritable change in Gentic info of a cell.
How many Mutations occur daily: 7,500
What is level of mutation is said to be high and what level is said to be low: 10,00000 10-5th power is low

10,0000000000 10-10th power is high mutation.
What are the 3 causes of mutation.: Chemical, Radiation, Just happens.
What are some examples of chemically caused mutations: Petrolium products (cancerious) Nitrous Acid, Agent orange
What is Agent orange: the cemicals 2,4,5-T and 2-4-D mixed together.
What are some examples of Radiation caused mutations: X-rays, Gama Rays, ultra violate rays (sun)
What is the addition, deletion or substitution of 1 or more bases in the gentic code: point Mutation
Causes the production of nonfuctional or different protien: Missense
Causes the production of nonsense condon out of sequence. give example: Nonsence mutation.

example: Aug-uAA start-stop
to alture a nucleotide but not change the amino acid or protien is?: a Silent Mutation
When a gene reverts to its original base it is?: A back Mutation, DNA polymerase
When 1 base is either added or deleted it is: A frameshift mutation
How does lysozyme fight infections. and give example of where lysozymes are found: attack peptidoglycans(cell wall) of bacteria
How does normal flora cause infections.: Because its an Endogenous spred(found all over the body) it is opertunistic can cause infection from wound or take advantage
What normal flora is found on the skin: Staphylocccus Mircococcus Corynebacterium Propionibacterium. Malassezia (fungi) Demodix(animals)mange
What normal flora is found in the mouth: strep. Nesseria Staph.
What normal flora is found in the stomach: none
Normal flora is the Intestine: Eubacterium, Clostridiumm step. E-coli
What normal flora is in the Urinary tract: Staph, Strep
What % of blood is made up of Erythrocytes. and what do they do: Carry oxigen, 45%
What % of blood is made up of plamsa: 55%. Mostly warter
What % of blood is made up of platlets(thrombocytes): Less then 1%
what is a normal White blood count (leukocytes): 5000-9000
What is a high white blood count: 15,000
What white blood count is a indication of Leukemia: 21,000+
What is Granular white cells: Large and visible (chemical pockets) and broken down by PH dye's
What is Agranular white cells: Small or nondisernable (chemical pockets)broken down by function. Have X-large nucleous
What Percetage of White blood cells are Neutrophil's. And what are there primary Charactoristics: 65%. prefer neutral PH (stain with a neutral dye) they active phagocytes (army T-cell) active cell eaters
What percetage of white blood cells are Eosinophil. And primary Charactoristics: 3%. stain with acid dye. They distroy chemical infections. cause inflamation and respond to alergy
What percetage of white cells are basophil. and primary function: less the 1% ph basic. respond to worm (fungi) infection and some alergy inflamation
What 3 leukocytes are Granular: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, basophil.
What 2 lymphocytes are Agranular: Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
What % of white cells are Lymphocites and primary function: 25% include T-cell (killer cells) B-cell(form antibodys)
What % of white cells are Monocytes and primary function: 5% largest of white blood cells (ambush) wedge inside muscle tissue and grab invaders
What is the lymphatic system made up of in basic terms: Network of glans and ducts that filter blood. (smokers lyphatic system is gummed up)
What is the reason for Inflammation: Swelling & fever increase blood flow to infected area,where it fights infection temp increase also hurts antigen's
What is an Antigen. give examples: forgien invaders. bacteria, virus, venom, poison,
What is the antigenic determinant site: unique feature to antigen. site which an antibody attaches to an antigen.
What is Valance: The number of Antgenic Determinat sites.
What is an Antibody: protien produced by B-cell that attacks a specific antigen.
What is the atigenic variable site: The site on the Antibody that attaches to the Antigen each antibody can cover 2 antigenic determinate sites
What is the percentage shape and function of IgG antibodys. how are they transfered: 80%. monomer, provide long term immunity. tranfered threw placenta only
What is the percentage shape and function of IgM antibodys: 6% Petamer. Cluster or group antigen pull antibody to one place
What is the percentage shape and function of IgA antibodys: 13% Dimer, Cluster or group antigen, found in mucus membrain and milk
What is the percentage shape and function of IgD antibodys: 1%, monomer. B-cell receptor site triger b-cell to react
What is the percentage shape and function of IgE antibodys: .0002% monomers, fight off worm infection (main causes of alergy's)
What constitutes active immunity: 20years+ last a long time
what constitutes passive immunity.: short lived less then 20 years.
What are the 3 forms of active immunity. give examples: Species: gained becase you are a specific species
Inate: gained due to geography ie Sicle Cell/malaria
Individual:family traits/life experiences
What is Active artifical immunity: 20years+ from vaccine (must be given)
What is passive natural immunity: short lived 3-4 years. gained by recoverey of infection.
What is Passive artifical immunity: Short Lived, Vaccination. Example: MMR DPT shots. mesals,mumps rebela. diptheria, pertosis, tetnis
What are some examples of Vaccines from killed whole bacteria: Bubonic plague. Cholera, anthrax,
What are some examples of live attenuated bacteria(not viable but still alive): TB, Typhoid
What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site): Meningococle meningitis
What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts): Botulism. DPT
What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact): rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak): MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected): todays flu. ie Flu shots
What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material): Hep-B. Pretosis
Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's: Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's: Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's: Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's: Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
What the high weight characters of bacteria: Gram stain #1
shape
arangement
oxigen requirement
spore production
firmation test
What the low weight characters of bacteria: habitat
motility
size
temp growth range
growth charactoristics
What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started: Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean: 90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= -
What does [+] and [-] mean: 75-90% react+ or dont -
What does D mean in bergeys: 25-75 react/dont react
What are primary charactoristic of the Staphlyococci Group of Bacteria: Gram + never produce spores
facultative, anaerobic, Pygenic (puss former) Some are hemolytic(break down blood)
What is the Charactoristics of Staph Aureus: Produce Coagulas(cause blood clots) Toxic shock syn, and are Beta-hemolytic, attact break down B-cell
What the the Symtoms of Staph Aureaus: Blood infection, cause heart attack, stoke, eat skin, Beta hemolytic
How is Staph Aureus transmited: Cut, Legion, Surgery
What is a good Treatment of Staph infections: Penacillan. Cephalosporins
What are good ways to control Staph: Antibodys and good anticeptic practice
What are the Charactoristic of Staph Saprophyticus: Non-coagulase. non-hemolitic
What are the symtoms of staph saprophyticus: Unrinary track infections (common in women)
What is Staph Saprophyticus transmitted: Opertunitic. IE normal flora to Urinary track
What are the charactoristics of Staph epidermidis: Non-coagulase. blood infection
What are the main Charactoristic of the Steptococci Group: gram+ capsule+
White spred
A-V types (A severe b less severe) Worst are A,B,C,D (beta hemolitic)
What are the Characteristics of strep pyogenes: Puss formers.
What are the symptoms of strep Pyogenes: Farengitis(strep throat)advance to Rhumatic Fever(heart valves) damage kidneys(scarlet fever)cause death
How is strep pyogenes spred: Airsols(from the mouth air born)
What is a good treatment for for Strep infections: Penacillan, Erythromycin
What are some ways of Controling strep Pyogenes: Rapid treatment. Removal of Tonsils
What are the Characteristics of Strep Agalactiae: Beta hemolitic, Common in Vaginal track, intestines pharax. *not normal flora
how is Strep Agalactiae spred: Children exposed during birthing process, opertunitics
What are the characteristics of strep Faecalis Type D*: Alpha and beta-hemolitic comming in intestine(mamals)
What are the Symptoms of Strep Faecalis.: Urinary track infection(severe) endocarditis(inflamation of the heart)
How is Strep Faecalis(enterococcus spred): Opetunistic
What are the Charactoristics of Strep Mutans Type N: Non-hemolitic, big acid producer, normal-flora in mouth causes cavities(dental term is carries)
What are the symtoms of strep Mutans: Teeth Rott
What is the Treatment of Strep Mutans: Fill or remove infected tooth/teeth
What is a good way to control Strep Mutans: Proper dental hygene
What are the charactoristic of Strep Pneumoniae (diploccous): Alpha hemolitic common in respratory track (80 stains) *not normal floral. effects mostly children
How is Strep Pneumoniae spred: Airsol
What is a good control of Strep Pneumoniae: un-controlable a weak vaccine is availble for high risk ppl only 50% of the population are carriers.
What are the Symtoms of Strep Pneumoniae: Respratory infection 30% mortality rate.
What are the charactoristics of Neisseria group: Gram negative, falcutative, anaerobic,
What are the Charactoristics of Neiesseria gonorrhoeae: Diplococcus
What are the symptoms of Neiesseria gonnorrhoeae: Ferments Glucose, mild burning sensation during urination
What are the 2 forms of Gonorrhoeae: Venereal (Sexual transmission) and Congenital From the birthing process eye infection can cause blindess
What is the treatment of Gonnorrhoeae: Ceftriaxone. Quinolone, spectinomycin. Silver-nitrate drops in the eyes(congenital)
What are the Charactoristics of Neisseria meningitidis: Small children high risk, grows in the nasal passages moves to the brain.
What are The symtoms of Neisseria Meningitidis: Headache, fever,stiff neck, coma, shock, cardiac failure, can kill in 24hrs
How ia Meningitidis spred: Airsol
What is the treatment for Meningitidis: Penacillin, ampicillin
How can you control Meningitidis: Most ppl have good immunity. poor (ineffctive vaccine available) and isolation

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