Medical Terminology Ch. 15 & 21
Terms
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- Agranulocytosis
- slight increase in the number of agranulocytes
- Anisocytosis
- slight increase in the number of unequal sized cells
- Basophil
- type of white blood cell that stains blue with a basic dye
- Elliptocytosis
- slight increase in the number of elliptical-shaped red blood cells
- Eosinophil
- type of white blood cell tha t stains rosy-red with the acid dye eosin
- Erythremia
- abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells (also known as polycythemia vera)
- Erythroblast
- immature red blood cell
- Erythrocyte
- red blood cell
- Erythrocytosis
- slight increase in the number of red blood cells
- Erythropenia
- deficiency in the number of red blood cells
- Erythropoiesis
- manufacture of red blood cells
- Hematopoiesis
- manufacture of blood cells
- Hemolysis
- the rupture of blodo cells
- Hemostasis
- stoppage of blood flow
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood
- Hypercholesterolemia
- excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood
- Hyperchromia
- a term used to describe red blood cells that are overpigmented or excessively pigmented
- Hyperlipidemia
- excessive amount of fats in the blood
- Hypochromia
- a term used to describe red blood cells that are under-pigmented
- Leukemia
- abnormal, excessive, uncontrollable increase in the number of white blood cells
- Leukocyte; leucocyte
- white blood cell
- Leukocytosis
- slight increase in the number of white blood cells usually due to infection or inflammation
- Leukopenia
- deficiency in the number of white blood cells
- Lymphoblast
- immature lymphocyte
- Macrocytosis
- slight increase in the number of macrocytes
- Microcytosis
- slight increase in the number of microcytes
- Morphology
- study of shape
- Myelogenous
- produced in the bone marrow
- Neutrophil
- type of white blood cell that stains purple with neutral dyes
- Normochromia
- normal colored red blood cells
- Pancytopenia
- deficiency of all types of blood cells
- Poikilocytosis
- variation in the shape of red blood cells
- Polychromia
- red blood cells of many colors
- Polymorphonuclear
- a type of neutrophil that has nuclei of many shapes
- Reticulocyte
- an immature red blood cell characterized by a network of granules within the cell membrane
- Sideropenia
- deficiency of iron in the blood
- Spherocytosis
- slight increase in the number of rounded (spherical) red blood cells
- Thrombocytopenia
- deficiency in the number of clotting cells (thrombocytes or platelets) (bleed too long without clotting)
- Thrombocytosis
- slight increase in the number of clotting cells (blood clots too quickly)
- Thrombolysis
- breakdown of a clot that is already formed
- Thrombosis
- abnormal condition of clots; blood clot
- Autoimmune
- immunity against one's own body tissues
- Interstitial fluid
- fluid placed or lying between the tissue spaces
- Lymphadenopathy
- disease or enlargement of the lymph glands; disease of the lymph nodes
- Lymphangitis; lymphangiitis
- inflammation of the lymph vessels
- Lymphedema
- accumulation of interstitial fluid leading to obstruction of the lymph in the lymph vessels
- Lymphocyte
- a lymph cell (a type of white blood cell)
- Lymphoma
- tumor of the lymphatics (often refers to malignant lymphoma)
- Lymphopenia
- deficiency in the number of lymphocytes in the blood
- Phagocyte
- cell that can engulf and digest unwanted material
- Splenorrhaphy
- suturing of the spleen
- Thymectomy
- removal of the thymus gland
- Defiency anemia
- lack of the essential ingrediants for the manufacture of red blood cells, causing abnormalities in red blood cell color and morphology
- Iron deficiency anemia
- most common type of anemia; caused by inadequate iron absorption or increased iron requirements
- Pernicious anemia
- anemia due to a lack of vitamin B12
- Hereditary hemolytic anemias
- genetically based anemias where the reduction in the number of red blood cells is due to excessive destruction
- Sickle cell anemia
- the red blood cells are sickle shaped rather than biconcave; the body's immune system recognizes these cells as abnormal and destroys them by phagocytosis, reducing the normal life span of a red blood cell
- Sideroblastic anemia
- results from an inability to use iron in hemoglobin synthesis, even though an adequate supply is available
- Thalassemia
- most commonly affects people of Mediterranean descent and is characterized by defective hemoglobin production
- Acquired hemolytic anemia
- increased destruction of red blood cells leading to the reduction in the number of red blood cells due to causes other than those that are genetically based
- Erythroblastosis fetalis
- hemolytic disease of the newborn results from an incompatibility of blood causing an antigen-antibody reaction between the maternal blood and that of the newborn or fetus, with subsequent destruction of fetal red blood cells
- Aplastic anemia
- results from defective stem cells interfering with erythropoiesis, or from damage to the bone marrow, causing pancytopenia
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- excessive incrase in the number of lymphoblasts, usually occurs in children
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- abnormal increase in the number of myeloblasts (neutrophiles, eosinophils and basophils), can occur at any age with the average rate of survival being 1-2 years
- Acute monoblastic leukemia
- proliferation in the number of monoblasts (immature monocytes) can occur in children or adults
- Chronic granulocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- abnormal increase in the number of immature granulocytes
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- proliferation of lymphocytes, usually occurs in middle or old age
- hemophilia
- genetic disorder characterized by dysfunction of the blood-clotting mechanism
- polycythemia vera
- abnormal increase in the production of red blood cells causing a slowing of circulation and a thickening of blood (also known as erythremia)
- anaphylaxis
- acute hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen
- Autoimmune disease
- disease in which the body's own cells instead of foreign cells are attacked by the immune system
- Hodgkin's disease
- neoplasm of the lymphatic tissue characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes and spleen
- hypersensitivity; allergies
- allergies and hypersensitivity are side affects of the defense system's response to an antigen; antigens that case these undesirable side affects are called allergens, and include some drugs, plant pollens, and insect venom
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- a rare form of cancer of the lining of the blood capillaries
- Mycobacterium avium complex infection
- malignant tumor of the lymphatic tissues with enlargement of the lymph nodes; cellular histology of the malignant lymphocytes is different than in Hodgkin's disease
- bleeding time
- a coagulation test which measures the bleeding time of a puncture wound to the surface of the skin
- antiglobulin test (Coombs' test)
- used to detect any anitbodies on the surface of a patients red blood cells and used in the diagnosis of hemolylic anemias and erythroblastosis fetalis
- complete blood count CBC
- determination of the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes in the blood; also measure the percent of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin
- erythrocyte count; red blood cell count
- calculation of the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR
- measures the time it takes for erythrocytes to settle out from a sample of blood to the bottom of a tube; during inflammation, the red blood cells have an increased tendency to form rouleaux and fall faster
- Hematocrit HCT
- percentage of erythrocytes in the volume of blood
- lipid profile
- determination of the levels of such blood lipids as cholesterol and triglycerides
- lipoprotein electrophoresis
- lipoproteins are separated folowing the application of an electric field, allowing for careful analysis of the type and number of lipoproteins circulating in the blood
- partial thromboplastin time PTT
- a coagulation test which measures the time taken for a sample of blood to clot following the addition of thromboplastin (a blood-clotting agent)
- platelet count
- measure the amount of platelets in a sample of blood
- prothrombin time PT
- a coagulation test which measures the time taken for clot formation following the addition of a clot-forming agent
- red blood cell indices
- a collection of six different blood tests are performed to determine the volume of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin content in red blood cells. Included are: red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC
- red blood cell morphology
- the study of red blood cells for abnormalities of size, shape, color, and structure
- size abnormalities
- macrocytosis, microcytosis, anisocytosis
- shape abnormalities
- sperocytosis, elliptocytosis, sickle cells (crescent-shaped) poikilocytosis
- color abnormalities
- hypochromia, hyperchromia, polychromia
- rouleaux
- a common abnormality where the erythrocytes look like a pile of coins. Although the presense of rouleaux is normal, increased or decreased rouleaux is abnormal.
- reticulocyte count
- a determination of the percentage of reticulocytes to erythrocytes in a sample of blood
- Schilling test
- tests the body's ability to absorb vitamin B12 from the digestive tract into the blood
- serum folate; folic acid
- measures the amount of folic acid in a sample of blood (folic acid is included in the vitamin B complex and is found naturally in liver and yeast)
- white blood cell differential
- measures the amount of each different type of white blood cell in a sample of blood
- white cell count
- measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood
- Doppler ultrasound
- measures the speed at which the blood flows through a blood vessel
- bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration
- bone marrow is obtained for microscopic examination by placement of a needle through a bone, such as the sternum, into the bone marrow and withdrawing a sample for laboratory examination
- antithrombotic therapy
- prevents clot formation by interferring with the clotting mechanism
- coagulants
- agents used to aid in the clotting process (vitamin K is a common example)
- thrombolytic agents
- eliminates clot by breaking down fibrin (Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator TPA are examples)
- lipid lowering agents; antihyperlipidemic agent
- reduces the amounts of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood
- Pneumocystis carinii parasite
- This parasite causes an opportunistic type of pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- a common opportunistic disease among AIDS patients
- lymphangiography
- x-ray of the lymph vessels and lymph nodes following injection of a contrast dye usually through the feet
- cytomegalovirus antibody
- detection of the antibody to the cytomegalovirus, seen in AIDS patients
- human immunodeficiency virus HIV antibody detection
- tests blood for antibodies to HIV that causes AIDS
- enzym-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- blood test used to screen patients for antibodies to HIV
- immunoelectrophoresis
- separation of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE by an electric current in a sample of blood or urine
- T and B lymphocyte subset enumeration
- tests for B and T cell deficiency
- Western blot
- an antibody detection test for HIV in the blood
- Histopathology
- process tissues that have been surgically removed
- Microtomy
- process for microscopic examination consists in the removal of the water in the sample and its replacement with wax, this provides a solid sample that can be sliced
- Clinical Microbiology
- the identification of infectious microorganisms, which include bacteria, yeasts, viruses and fungi
- Gram stain
- renders the body cells and bacteria visible under the microscope and it helps divide bacteria into two large groups
- cocci and bacilli
- cocci - round shaped. bacilli - rod shaped
- Immunohematology
- cross-matching of blood. Donated blood is mixed with a sample of the patient's blood before a transfusion so that potentially adverse reactions can be discovered.
- Agglutination
- the clumping together of blood cells
- Hematology
- blood is frequently examined as an indicator of the state of the body's various organs. Blood cells are evaluated in relation to their size and shape, and the numbers of each different type of cell are counted.
- Clinical chemistry
- the chemical constituents of the body are determined in tests made by clinical chemistry