4th Grade Harcourt Math Vocabulary
Terms
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- period
- Each group of three digits separated by commas in a multidigit number
- expression
- A part of a number sentence that combines numbers and operation signs but does not have an equal sign
- millions
- The period after thousands
- variable
- A letter or symbol that stands for a number or numbers
- benchmark
- A known number of things that helps you understand the size or amount of a different number of things
- Commutative Property of Addition
- The property that states that when the order of two addends is changed, the sum is the same
- round
- To replace a number with another number that tells about how many or how much
- Associative Property of Addition
- The property that states that you can group addends in different ways and still get the same sum
- Identity Property of Addition
- The property that states that when you add zero to any number, the sum is that number
- century
- A measure of time equal to 100 years
- equation
- A number sentence which shows that two quantities are equal
- decade
- A measure of time equal to 10 years
- second
- A small unit of time; 60 seconds = 1 minute
- survey
- A method of gathering information to record data
- elapsed time
- The time that passes from the start of an activity to the end of that activity
- frequency
- The number of times an event ocurs
- cumulative frequency
- A running total of items being counted
- line plot
- A graph that shows the frequency of data along a number line
- mean
- The number found by dividing the sum of the set of numbers by the number of addends
- range
- The difference between the greatest number and the least number in a set of data
- median
- The middle number in an ordered set of data
- outlier
- A value separated from the rest of the data
- mode
- The number (s) or item(s)that occur most often in a set of data
- stem - and - leaf plot
- A data display that shows groups of data arranged by place value
- stem
- A tens digit in a stem-and leaf plot
- double-bar graph
- A graph used to compare similar kinds of data
- leaf
- A ones digit in a stem-leaf plot
- trends
- On a graph, areas where the data increase, decrease, or stay the same over time
- scale
- The numbers placed at fixed distances on a graph to help label the graph
- line graph
- A graph that uses a line to show how data change over a period of time
- interval
- The difference between two numbers on the sale of a graph
- circle graph
- A graph in the shape of a circle that shows data as a whole made up of different parts
- inverse operations
- Opposite operations that undo each other, such as addition and subtraction or multiplication and division
- Zero Property of Multiplication
- The property that states that the product of 0 and any number is 0
- fact family
- A set of related multiplication and division or addition and subtaction equations
- Commutative Property of Multiplication
- The property that states that when the order of two factors is changed, the product is the same
- multiple
- The product of a given whole number and another whole number
- Associative Property of Multiplication
- The property that states that you can group factors in different ways and still get the same product
- Identity Property of Multiplication
- The property that states that the product of any number and 1 is that number
- order of operations
- Rules for performing operations in expressions with more than one operation; do the operations inside parentheses, then multiply and divide from left to right, then add and subtract from left to right
- compatible numbers
- Numbers that are easy to compute mentally
- divisible
- Capable of being divided so that the quotient is a whole number and the remainder is zero
- Distributive Property
- The property that states that multiplying a sum by a number is the same as multiplying each addend b the number and then adding the products
- prime number
- A number that has only two factors: 1 and itself
- multistep problem
- A problem requiring more than one step to solve
- composite number
- A whole number that has more than two factors
- remainder
- The amount left over when a number cannot be divided evenly
- square number
- The product of a number and itself
- square root
- One of two equal factors of a number
- ray
- a part of a line that has one endpoint and continues without end in one direction
- point
- An exact location in space
- plane
- A flat surface that extends without end in all dirterctions
- line
- A straight path of points in a plane that continues without end in both directions with no endpoints
- angle
- A figure formed by two line segments or rays that share the same endpoint
- line segment
- A part of a line that includes two points called endpoints and all the points between them
- vertex
- The point at which two rays of an angle or two or more line segments meet in a plane figure or at which three or more edges meet in a solid figure
- protractor
- A tool for measuring the size of an angle
- obtuse angle
- An angle that has a measure greater than 90 and less than 180
- degree ( )
- A unit for measuring angles or temperatures
- straight angle
- An angle that has a measure of 180
- right angle
- An angle that forms a square corner and has a measure of 90
- intersecting lines
- Lines that cross each other at exactly one point
- acute angle
- An angle that has a measure greater than 0 and less than 90
- parallel lines
- Lines in the same plane that never intersect and are always the same distance apart
- perpendicular lines
- Two lines that intersect to form four right angles
- quadrilateral
- A polygon with four sides
- polygon
- A closed plane figure with straight sides, each of which is a line segment
- pentagon
- A polygon with five sides
- regular polygon
- A polygon whose sides are all the same length
- hexagon
- A polygon with six sides
- triangle
- A polygon with three sides
- octagon
- A polygon with eight sides
- triangular pyramid
- A pyramid that has a triangular base and three triangular faces
- net
- A two-dimensional pattern that can be folded to make a three-dimensional figue
- edge
- The line segment where two or more faces of a solid figure meet
- volume
- The measure of the amount of space a solid figure occupies
- face
- A polygon that is a flat surface of a solid figure
- cubic unit
- A unit of volume with dimensions of 1 unit * 1 unit * 1 unit
- equivalent decimals
- Two or more decimals that name the same amount
- area
- The number of square units needed to cover a surface
- perimeter
- The distance around a figure
- two-dimensional
- Measured in two directions, such as length and width
- formula
- A set of symbols that expresses a mathematical rule
- three-dimensional
- Mesured in three directions, such as length, width, and height
- circumference
- The distance around a circle
- triangular prism
- A solid figure that has two triangular bases and three rectangular faces
- milliliter (mL)
- A metric unit for measuring capacity; 1,000 milliliters = 1 liter
- kilogram (kg)
- A metric unit for measuring mass; 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
- liter (L)
- A metric unit for measuring capacity; 1 liter - 1,000 milliliters
- ounce (oz)
- A customary unit for measuring weight; 16 of these are equivalent to 1 pound
- pound (lb)
- A customary unit for measuring weight that is equivalent to 16 ounces
- ton (T)
- A customary unit for measuring weight that is equivalent to 2,000 pounds
- millimeter (mm)
- A metric unit for measuring length or distance; 1,000 millimeters = 1 meter
- centimeter (cm)
- A metric unit for measuring length or distance; 100 centimeters = 1 meter
- decimeter (dm)
- A metric unit for measuring length or distance; 10 decimeters = 1 meters
- meter (m)
- A metric unit for measuring length or distance; 1 meter = 100 centimeters
- kilometer (km)
- A metric unit for measuring length or distance; 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters
- mile (mi)
- A customary unit for measuring length or distance that is equivalent to 5,280 feet
- cup (c)
- A customary unit for measuring capacity that is equivalent to 8 ounces
- capacity
- The amount a container can hold when filled
- pint (pt)
- A customary unit for measuring capacity that is equivalent to 2 cups
- teaspoon (tsp)
- A customary unit for measuring cpacity; 3 of these are equivalent to 1 tablespoon
- quart (qt)
- A customary unit of measuring capacity that is equivalent to 2 pints
- tablespoon (tbsp)
- A customary unit for measuring capacity that is equivalent to 3 teaspoons
- gallon (gal)
- A customary unit for measuring capacity that is equivalent to 4 quarts
- unlikely
- Having a less that even chance of ahppening
- linear units
- Units for measuring length, width, height, or distance
- equally likely
- Having the same chance of happening
- inch (in.)
- A customary unit for measuring length or distance; 12 of these are equivalent to 1 foot
- mathematical probability
- A comparison of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes of an event
- foot (ft)
- A customary unit for measuring length or distance that is equivalent to 12 inches
- tree diagram
- An organized list that shows all possible outcomes of an event
- yard (yd)
- A customary unit for measuring length or distance that is equivalent to 3 feet
- simplest form
- The state a fraction is in when 1 is the only number that can divide evenly into both the numerator and denominator
- outcome
- A possible result of an experiment
- mixed number
- An amount given as a whole number and a fraction
- event
- One outcome or a combination of outcomes in an experiment
- like fractions
- Fractions with the same denominator
- predict
- To make a reasonable guess about what will happen
- unlike fractions
- Fractions with different denominators
- likely
- Having a greater than even chance of happening
- x-axis
- The horizontal line on a coordinate grid, or plane
- y-axis
- Th vertical line on a coordinate grid , or plane
- fraction
- A number that names a part of a whole or part of a group
- numerator
- The number above the bar in a fraction that tells how many parts of the whole or group are being considered
- x-coordinate
- The first number in an ordered pair that tells how far to move horizontally
- denominator
- The number below the bar in a fraction that tells how many equal parts are in the whole or group
- y-coordinate
- The second number in an ordered pair that tells how far to move vertically
- equivalent fractions
- Two or more fractions that name the same amount
- equilateral triangle
- A triangle with three equal, or congruent, sides
- acute triangle
- A triangle with three acute angles
- isosceles triangle
- A triangle with two equal, or congruent, sides
- obtuse triangle
- A triangle with one obtuse angle
- scalene triangle
- A triangle with no equal, or cobgruent, sides
- parallelogram
- A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and equal, or congruent
- right triangle
- A triangle with one right angle
- rhombus
- A parallelogram with four equal, or congruent, sides
- trapezoid
- A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides
- chord
- A line segment that has endpoints on a circle
- Venn diagram
- A diagram that shows relationships among sets of things
- diameter
- A line segment that passes through the center of a circle and has endpoints on the circle
- circle
- A closed figure made up of points that are all the same distance from the center
- radius
- A line segment that has one endpoint at the center of a circle and the other endpoint on the circle
- center
- The point inside a circle that is the same distance from each point on the circle
- compass
- A tool used to construct circles
- line symmetry
- What a figure has if it can be folded about a line so that its two parts match exactly
- transformation
- A movement of a figure to a new position by a translation, reflection, or rotation
- rotational symmetry
- What a figure has if it can be turned about a central point and still look the same in at least two positions
- translation
- A movement of a figure to a new position along a straight line
- congruent
- Having the same size and shape
- reflection
- A movement of a figure to a new position by flipping the figure over a line
- similar
- Having the same shape but possibly different in size
- rotation
- A movement of a figure to a new position by rotating the figure around a point
- tessellation
- A repeating pattern of closed figures that covers a surface with no gaps and no overlaps
- positive numbers
- All numbers to the right of zero on the number line
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degree
Fahrenheit ( F) - A standard unit for measuring temperature
- opposites
- Numbers that are the same distance from zero but in opposite directions from zero
- degree Celsius ( C)
- A metric unit for measuring temperature
- inequality
- A mathemmatical sentence that shows that two expressions do not represent the same quantity
- negative numbers
- All numbers to the left of zero on the number line
- ordered pair
- A pair of numbers used to locate a point on a coordinate grid; the first number tells how far to move horizontally, and the second number tells how far to move vertically
- gram (g)
- A metric unit for measuring mass; 1.000 grams = 1 kilogram
- thousandth
- One of one thousand equal parts
- mass
- The amount of matter in an object
- decimal point
- A symbol used to separate dollars from cents in money and to separate the ones and the tenths places in a decimal
- decimal
- A number with one or more digits to the right of the decimal point