Genetics Final Exam
Terms
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- Acrocentric
- A chromosome has two very short legs and two very long legs
- Adenine
- A purine nitrogenous base
- Allele
- a variation of a trait (alternate for of a gene)
- Amino Acid
- building block of proteins (20)
- Amniocentesis
- A prenatal diagnostic procedure. A needle is inserted into the uterus to remove a sample of amniotic fluid (containing fetal cells)to construct a chromosome chart of fetus
- Anaphase
- the stage of mitosis when the centromeres of replicated chromosomes are pulled apart.
- Aneuploid
- a cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes
- Anticodon
- a three-base sequence on one loop of a tRNA complementary to mRNA codon
- Antiparallel
- the head to tail arrangement of the two entwined chains of the DNA double helix
- Apoptosis
- a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development.
- Autosome
- a non-sex determining chromosome. A human has 22 pairs of autosomes
- Carbohydrate
- a type of macrocolecule; sugars and starches
- Carcinogen
- a substance that induces cancerous changes in a cess
- Cell
- the fundamental unit of life
- Cell Cycle
- a cycle of events describing a cell's preparation for division and division itself
- cell membrane
- a structure consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that forms a selective barrier around a cell
- centrioles
- structures sonsisting of micotubules oriented at right angles to each other near the nucleus that begin to form the spindle during mitosis
- centromere
- the largest constriction in a chromosome, located at a specific site in each chromosome type
- checkpoint
- a part of the sell cycle where a protein functions to control the process
- chorionic villus sampling
- a prenatal diagnosis technique that analyzes chromosomes in chorionic villus cells, which, like the fetus descend from the fertilized ovum
- chromatid
- a single, very long DNA molecule and its associated proteins forming half of a replicated chromosome
- chromatin
- DNA and its associated histone proteins
- chromosome
- a structure within a cell's nucleus that carries genes. A chromosome consists of a continuous molecule of DNA and proteins wrapped around it
- codominant
- a herterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed
- codon
- a continuous triplet of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid
- complementary
- the pairs of DNA bases that bond together
- conservative
- the new strand is half old and half new
- crossing over
- an event during prophase I when homologs exchange parts, adding to genetic variability.
- cytokinesis
- division of cellular parts other than DNA at the end of mitosis
- cytoplasm
- cellular contents other than organelles
- cytoskeleton
- a framework composed of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form
- diploid
- a cell containing two sets of chromosomes
- dispersive
- old and new mosaic DNA
- dizygotic twins (fraternal)
- two eggs and two sperm
- DNA polymerase
- an enzyme that participates in DNA replication by inserting new DNA bases and correcting mismatched base pairs
- duplication
- an extra copy of a gene or DNA sequence, usually caused by misaligned pairing in meiosis; a chromosome containing repeats of part of its genetic material
- embryo
- a prenatal human between the third and eighth weeks of development
- endolasmic reticulum
-
smooth = fat
rough = sugars - enzyme
- protein that speeds the rate of a specific biochemical reation
- euploid
- a somatic cell with the normal number of chromosomes for that species
- fetal cell sorting
- a prenatal test that separates fetal cells from a pregnant woman's blood
- frameshift
- a mutation that alters a gene's reading frame
- gap 1 phase
- the stage of interphase when proteins, carbs, and lopids are synthesized in preparation for mitosis
- gap 2 phase
- stage of interphase when additional proteins are synthesized in preparation for impending mitosis
- gene
- a sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular protein
- golgi body
- an organelle, consisting of flattened membranous sacs where secretion components are packaged
- growth factor
- a protein that stimulates mitosis
- helicase
- a type of enzyme that unwinds and holds apart strands or repicating DNA
- histone
- a type of protein around which DNA entwines
- hormone
- a biochemical secreted in one part of the body that travel in the bloodstream to another part, where it exerts an effect
- initiation site
- the site where DNA replication begins on a chromosome
- insertion
- inserts and extra base in sequence
- interphase
- the stage of the cell cycle during which a cell is not dividing
- karyotype
- a chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order
- ligase
- an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds in the sugar phosphate back bone of DNA
- lysosome
- a saclike organelle containing enzymes that degrade debris
- mRNA
- a molecule of RNA complementary in sequence to the coding strand of a gene
- metacentric
- centromere located in center
- metaphase
- stage of mitosis when chromosomes align along the center of the cell
- missense
- a single base change mutation that alters an amino acid in the gene product
- mitochondrion
- an organelle consisting of a double membrane that houses enzymes that catalyze reactions that extract energy from nutrients
- mitosis
- division of somatic cells
- monosomy
- missing one chromosome
- monozygotic twins (identical)
- one egg and one sperm
- multifactorial trait
- a trait or illness determined by several genes
- nondisjunction
- the unequal partitioning of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis
- nonsense
- codes for stop codon
- nuclear envelope
- the outer boundary of the nucleus
- oncogene
- a dominant gene that promotes cell division; cancer causing gene
- oogenesis
- development of organs from a three-layered embryo
- oogonium
- the diploid cell that begins oogenesis
- peroxisome
- an organelle consisting of a double membrane that houses enzmes with various functions
- plasmid
- a small circle of doulbe stranded DNA fund in some bacteria in addition to their DNA
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- a technique in which a specific sequence of DNA from a gene of interest is replicated in a test tube to rapidly produce many copies