anatomy lab exam
Terms
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- contract and relax
- electrical
- repolarization and depolarization
- mechanical
- systole(contract)
- depolarization
- diastole(relaxation)
- repolarization
- measures electrical current in heart
- electrocardiogram
- decrease HR at rest, rest and digest
- parasympathetic
- increase HR at rest, fight or flight
- sympathetic
- specialized cells in right atrium that alter HR by altering speed of action potential conduction through the heart, these impulses cauase the atria to contract
- sino atrial node, pacemaker
- delayed impulse giving the atria time to fully contract before impulse is sent to ventricle
- atrioventricular node
- septum of heart, separates right and left branches
- bundle of HIS
- wind superiorly after they branch from the bundle of HIS, send impulses through ventricles causing them to contract form apex to base
- purkinje fibers
- electrical depolarization of atria, occurs just prior to atrial systole(mechanical contraction)
- P wave
- electrical depolarization of ventricles, occurs prior to ventricular systole (mechanical contraction), hides wave of atrial repolariation, (diastole-relaxation)
- QRS wave
- electrical repolarization of ventricle, occurs prior to ventricular relaxation, diastole
- T wave
- count of QRS complexes in a given time period
- heart rate
- repolarization of ventricles occurs just prior to what?
- ventricular diastole
- the QRS complex occurs just prior to the mechanical event of what?
- ventricular systole
- electrical depolarization of the atria occurs just prior to what?
- atrial systole
- this electrical event occurs just prior to the mechanical event of atrial systole
- P wave
- what event on an EKG hides atrial repolarization
- QRS complex
- this conductile tissue sens the cardiac action potentials through the ventricles causing them to contract apex to base
- purkinje fibers
- where does the electrical signal in the heart travel to next after it has arrived at the Bundle of HIS
- purkinje fibers
- what mechanical event follows the Pwave in an EKG
- atrial systole
- the electrical event indicating depolarization of the ventricles is depicted on an EKG by
- QRS complex
- the spontaneous depolarization/repolarization events occur in a regular and continuous manner in cardiac muscle, referred to as-
- rhthmicity
- reduced permeability to potassium ions but still allow sodium ions to leak into cells
- automaticity
- stroke volume x heart rate, amt of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
- cardiac output
- amount of blood pumped/contraction of each ventricle
- stroke volume
- rapid breathing would occur as a result of
- low blood pH
- if a person'g stroke volume decreased and their heart rate stayed the same, what effect would this have on their cardiac output
- it would decrease
- in the frog cardiovascular physio-ex exercise, what happened to the HR after the addition of pilocarpine?
- decreased
- in physio ex what happend to hr after addition of atropine
- increased
- in physio ex what happened to HR after addition of epinephrine
- double increase
- what happened to HR after addition of digitalis
- double decrease
- can healthy heart muscle tetanize?
- yes
- which leukocyte releases histamine
- basophil
- man has a wbc count of 2000 wbc per cubic millimeter of blood. what disorder does he have?
- leukemia
- name a function of eosinophils
- kill parasitic worms
- B lymphocytes function to
- mature into plasma cells
- T lymphocytes function to
- attack other cells that have been directly infected
- blood is classified as which type of tissue
- connective tissue
- after spinning blood in a centrifuge where deo the formed elements end up in the test tube
- bottom
- a person with A and B antigens on their red blood cells has what blood type
- AB
- what is the most common leukocyte
- neutrophil
- what test would you perform to if you suspected your patient was anemic
- hematocrit
- my blood coagulate/clots with anti A and anti Rh, it doesn't coagulate with anti Bwhat is my blood type
- A+
- which condition is characterized by an abnormal excess of erythrocytes
- polycythemia
- a person with blood type O has which antibodies in their plasma
- anti A and anti B
- if a male has hematocrit of 59 RBCs what would your diagnosis be
- polycythemia
- what is the least numerous WBC
- basophil
- what is the range for a normal female RBC count
- 4.3-5.2 million rbc/mm
- abnormal proliferation of immature WBC
- leukemia
- what areagranulocytic WBCs
- monocytes, lymphocytes, T cells and B cells
- fxn of the platelets is
- blood clotting
- what blood type is the universal donor
- o-
- you put anti A in a blood sample and there is clotting. you put anti B into the same blood and it also clots, what is the blood type
- AB
- do birds have nucleated erythrocytes
- yes
- what is normal RBC count
- 4.5 in females, 5.5 in males
- what is a normal WBC count
- 4000-11000
- what is normal hematocrit
- 47+-7(male), 42+-5(female)
- three types of leykocytes in order from most to least common
- neutrophil,eosinophil,basophil
- differential WBC count tells you that
- there is a problem or source of pathology
- non living fluid matrix
- plasma
- living cells
- formed elements
- RBC, transport O2 carried in blood
- erythrocytes
- WBC, defense system
- leukocytes
- low oxygen carrying capacity of blood, symptom of diseased state
- anemia
- more than 11,000 WBC, typical response to bacterial or viral invasion in body
- leukocytosis
- less than 4000 WBC, immune system abnormalities
- leukopenia
- presence or absence of antigens allows each person's blood cells to be classified into several different groups
- aggluntinagens/antigens
- performed, float in plasma, act against agglutinagens that are not present on a persons own RBCs
- agglutinins/antibodies
- gray squiggles with purple dots
- leukemia
- little pink dots
- human polycythemia
- 1/2 moon shapes
- sickle cell anemia
- goldish color, biconcave, lighter in the middle, no nucleas
- human blood
- pink/purple dots ver tiny and close together, no nucleus
- cat blood
- pink, little larger than cat clutered pink with blue trapped inside, no nucleus
- camel blood
- light purple tiny close dots with darker purple on top, close together, nucleated
- bird blood
- like fish, but dots are bigger, darker purple, nucleated
- frog blood
- small eye balls, smaller than frog, lighter and more spread out, nucleated
- fish blood
- goldish color, biconcave, lighter in the middle
- human blood
- small very scattered purple dots
- horsehoe crab/limulus
- measured blood pressure using sphymomanometer is?
- systolic/diastolic
- amount of air you can maximally expire after maximal inspiration
- vital capacity
- this type of receptor senses changes in H+ and O2 in vessels which regulate blood pressure
- chemoreceptors
- measured resistance blood encounters as it passes through the vessels depending on vessel constriction and blood viscosity
- total peripheral resistance
- what happens to BP during exercise
- increases
- how does change in blood viscosity affect blood pressure
- the less vicious the lower the BP
- what part of the brain controls both blood pressure and respiration
- medulla oblongata
- blood pressure=
- cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
- the amount of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration is
- vital capacity
- receptors in the aorta and the carotid arteries, they sense changes in blood pressure
- baroreceptors
- when you exercise the buildup of H+ in your blood makes your blood
- more acidic
- what receptor type sense changes in CO2 and H+ in the plasma
- chemoreceptors
- amount of blood moving through body area or entire cardio system in a given amount of time
- blood flow
- force blood exerts against wall of a BV
- blood pressure
- opposition of blood flow resulting from friction as blood goes through BV
- peripheral resistance
- thickness of blood
- blood viscosity
- volume in ventricles at end of diastole before contraction
- end diastolic volume
- blood remaining in ventricles at end of systole
- end systolic volume
- amount of blood pumped per contraction of each ventricle
- stroke volume
- amount of blood pumped by each ventricle/min
- cardiac output
- amount of ari exhaled or inhaled during rest
- tidal volume
- amount of air in lungs after complete exhalation
- residual volume
- amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
- inspiratory reserve volume
- amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
- expiratory reserve volume
- total vol x breaths per min
- minute respiratory volume
- vital capacity
- total volume+inspiratory reserve volume+ expiratory reserve volume
- blood pressure
- cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
- cardiac output
- blood pumped per min x heart rate
- averatge blood pressure
- 120/80 (systolic/diastolic)
- sympathetic enervation causes
- increased HR at rest
- total amount of air lungs can hold
- total lung capacity
- constriction of vessels
- increase total peripheral resistance
- dilation of vessels
- decrease total peripheral resistance
- peripheral resistance depend on what?
- blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius
- the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a single beat is called
- stroke volume
- if stroke volume decreased, what would HR do?
- increase
- bile does what to fats
- emulsifies them
- what are the products of lipid digestion
- glycerides and 3 fatty acids
- parasympathetic enervation causes
- decreased HR at rest
- what enzyme causes bread to taste sweet when it is digested
- salivary amylase
- high levels of CO2 make the blood
- acidic
- the chewing process is called
- mastication
- after the digestive process, what are excess sugars stored as
- glycogen
- in what environment does pepsin work best
- acidic
- name the enzyme that digests protein in the small intestine
- trypsin
- what term is used to describe the effect high heat has on enzymes
- denaturation
- true or false, bile salts digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerides
- false
- what is the ratio for carbs C,H,O
- 1:2:1
- pepsin would digest what food
- chicken
- salivary amylase would digest what food
- french bread
- pancreatic lipase would digest what food
- olive oil
- test tube w/ 5ml water, 2ml 10% starch in 37 deg. water bath, tests neg for reducing sugars, why?
- no amylase in the solution
- large protein molecules produced by body cells
- enzymes
- molecules on whih they act
- substrates
- enzyme produced by salivary glands
- salivary amylase
- enzyme produced by pancreas
- trypsin
- enzymatic production of pancreas
- pancreatin
- hydrolysases fats and oils
- pancreatic lipase
- protein digestion
- hydrolysis
- breakdown large particles
- emusification
- what are 3 need for digestion
- right enzyme, environment, substrates
- pH in mouth
- 6.75-7, slightly acidic
- pH in stomach
- 2, acidic
- pH in small intestine
- 8, basic
- measure of acidity or alkalinity(basic) of a solution
- pH
- breakdown begins in mouth
- salivary amylase
- breakdown in small intestine
- pancreatic amylase
- storage fat is glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids
- lipids
- enzyme in stomach
- pepsin, acidic env. pH 2
- enzyme in small intestine
- trypsin, basic env. pH 8-11
- perfect test tube for carb digestion
- in mouth, amylase and starch, no heat or ice
- what is the substrate for lipid digestion
- litmus cream (lipid)
- what is the enzyme for lipid digestion
- lipase
- perfect test tube for lipid digestion
- lipid, lipase and bile salt
- what is the substrate for protein digestion
- albumin
- what is the enzyme for protein digestion
- pepsin
- perfect test tube for protein digestion
- pepsin, HCL(pH 1 or 2) and albumin
- looks like an ear on the side of face
- parotid gland
- little tiny ear
- accessory parotid gland
- conects parotid and accessory
- parotid duct
- under tongue
- sublingual gland
- long tube
- esophagus
- filled in red circle off of stomach
- pyloric sphincter
- red lining in stomach
- rugae of stomach
- in between liver lobes
- falciform ligament
- under right liver, small and green
- gallbladder
- yellow stuff between intestines
- mesentery
- purple, beside left lobe of liver
- spleen
- orange/yellow
- pancreas
- long, red, below liver
- duodenum
- yellow line between duodenum and pancreas
- common bile duct
- right by the gallbladder, yellow, barely able to see
- cystic duct
- below liver, yellow
- common hepatic duct
- pigment arising from body's destruction of hemoglobin
- urochrome
- urine excessively concentrated, crystalize
- kidney stones/renal canaliculi
- high blood sugar
- glycosuria
- albumin in urine
- albuminuria
- increase membrane permeability
- physiologic albuminuria
- presence of fat metabolism in excessive amounts
- ketonuria
- RBC in urine
- hematuria
- hemoglobin in urine
- hemoglobinuria
- bile pigments in urine
- bilirubinuria
- WBC in urine
- pyuria
- chemical substances that form crystals or precipitate from solution
- unorgainzed sediments
- urine is negative, increases epithelial cells, pus cells, RBC and casts
- organized sediments
- pH range in urine
- 4.5-8, normal=6, changes caused by infection or vegetarian lifestyle
- specific gravity of urine
- 1.001-1.030, heavier than water b/c of dissolved solutes
- what happens if urine is excessively concentrated
- dissolved solutes will percipitate and form kidney stones or renal caliculi
- what are normal urinary constituents
- water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate ions, creatine, uric adid
- what condition is caused by glucose and indicative of diabetes mellitus
- glycosuria
- what in the urine is indicative of glomerular damage
- albuminuria
- presence of this in urine is an indication of abnormal metabolic process because of starvation or diabetes
- ketone bodies, ketonuria
- presence of RBC in urine
- erythrocytes
- condition indicative of liver pathology, hetpatitis, cirrhosis
- bilirubinuria
- presence of WBCs in urine, indication in urinary tract
- leukocytes
- name 3 constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists
- WBC, RBC, casts
- how does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH
- becomes alkaline
- how does starvation influence urine pH
- becomes acidic
- name 3 major nitrogenous wastes found in the urine
- urea, uric acid, creatine*
- what is the primary fuction of the kidneys?
- to remove nitrogenous wastes
- what are the secondary functions of the kidneys?
- maintaining electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance
- what is the daily filtration of urine
- ~200L of fluid
- what is the functional unit of the kidney
- nephron
- what is a tuft of capillaries
- glomerulus
- processes plasma-derived filtrate to form urine, directly connects to Bowman's capsule, remainder of 5 sections
- renal tubule
- what reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, Na+ and K+,secretes ammonium into filtrate to maintain pH
- proximal convoluted tubule
- what is freely permeable to water, and not ions
- descending loop of henle
- what facislitates diffusion of Na+, K+ and Cl- and impermeable to water
- ascending loop of henle
- what has selective secretion and reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and H+
- distal convoluted tubule
- tubules that transport urine from kidneys
- ureters
- muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
- bladder
- muscles tube that drains urine from bladder and excretes it out of body
- urethra
- what influences the relase of the indirect aldosterone into blood
- adrenal cortex
- what influences the realse of direct antidiuretic hormone (ADH)into blood
- posterior pituitary gland
- all biochemical reactions in the body
- metabolism
- breakdown materials
- catabolism
- build up molecules
- anabolism
- fixed body temperature
- homeothermic
- maintain metabolism and body heat
- thyroxine
- causes thyroid to produce more thyroxine
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- blood of thyroxine gland
- target tissue
- removal of thyroid
- thyroidectomy
- drug inhibits production of thyroxine
- propylthiouracil
- insulin not produced by pancreas
- diabetes mellitus type 1
- insulin produced by pancreas but the body fails to respond to it
- diabetes mellitus type 2
- drug that kills insulin production cells and makes diabetic
- alloxan
- what is the study of glands and their hormonal secretions
- endocrinology
- what is the series of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules (hormones) into the circulation. these travel to distant body cells and result in physiological responses
- endocrine system
- tissu which is the receptor and affector for a hormone thyroid
- target tissue