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Terms
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- CN X innervates what muscles
- All muscles with the work "palat" except tensor veli palitini (CN V3)
- Lip testing
- CN VII, mi-mi-mi
- 6th aortic arch becomes
- Proximal part of pulmonary arteries
- CN XII function
- tongue movements
- Location for lumbar puncture
- iliac crest (between L3 - L5)
- Fetal milestone within week 10
- Genitalia have male/female characteristics
- Bell's palsy
- Peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis
- Part of cochlea that picks up low-frequency sounds
- the apex
- Function of supraoptic nucleus
- Thist and water balance
- Location of Brunner's glands
- submucosa of duodenum
- Drug used to keep PDA open
- Prostaglandin
- ACE inhibitor teratogenicity
- Renal damage
- Signs of CN XII lesion
- Tongue deviates toward side of lesion
- Anterior cruciate ligaments attaches where
- Anterior tibial attachment
- What has a fenestrated barrel hoop basement membrane
- the sinusoids of the spleen
- Nerves passing through internal auditory meatus
- VII, VIII
- Foramen ovale becomes
- Fossa ovalis
- Brunner's glands function
- secrete alkaline mucus
- Branchial pouch 3 develops into
- inferior parathyroids (dorsal wings) and thymus (vental wings) (3rd pouch = 3 items (thymus + 2 parathyroids)
- Direct hernia location
- Hesselbach's triangle (medial to inferior epigastric artery)
- Esophagus and vagus cross diaphgram at what level
- T10
- Brachial plexus injury leading to decreased thumb function (Pope's blessing)
- Median nerve of lateral/medial cords
- Neuroectoderm becomes
- neurohypophysis, CNS neuron, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, pineal gland
- Fetal milestone within week 2
- Bilaminar disk, 2 cavities (yolk & amniotic), 2 components to placenta (cytotrophoblast/synctiotrophoblast) (Rule of 2's)
- Zona adherens components
- E-cadherin and actin filaments
- Limbic system functions
- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight, Fornication (5 F's)
- Femoral triangle contents
- femoral vein, artery, and nerve
- In the womb monozygotic twins have
- 2 amniotic sacs and either 1 or 2 chorions and placentas
- 1st aortic arch becomes
- Maxillary artery (1st is MAX)
- Thenar muscles function
- Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis, Flexor pollicis (OAF)
- Branchial arch 1 derivatives
- Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament, Muscle of Mastication, Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
- Lesion of optic tract causes
- contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
- low neck dermatome
- C4
- Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
- neuroblastoma
- Oligohydraminos cause
- bilateral renal agenesis (Potter's)
- Chorea
- Sudden jerky, purposeless movements
- Surface ectoderm becomes
- adenohypophysis, lens of eye, epithelial linings, epidermis
- Function of ventral posterior nucelus, lateral part (VPL)
- body senses (proprioception, pressure, pain, touch, vibration)
- Male homologue of glans clitoris
- glans penis
- Endolymph made by
- stria vascularis
- Ulnar nerve deficit sensory findings
- Medial palm and ulnar 1.5 fingers
- Polyhydraminos cause
- esophageal/duodenal atreasia
- 3rd aortic arch comes
- Common Carotid (C=3rd letter of alphabet)
- skull cap dermatome
- C2
- Ulnar nerve deficit motor findings
- Wrist flexion and adduction, impaired adduction of thumb and ulnar 2 fingers, intrinsic hand muscles (claw hand)
- Abnormal opening of penis on dorsal side
- epispadias
- Hippocampus projects to
- Subiculum (projecting to mamillary nuclei), Septal area
- Hindgut
- distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of rectum
- Umbilical artery contents
- de-oxygenated blood from iliac vessels
- Umbilical cord contents
- 2 umbilical arteries, 1 umbilical vein, allantoic duct, Wharton's jelly
- Passage for CN I
- cribiform plate
- Nucleus solitarius receives what
- visceral sensory information (e.g., taste, gut distention, etc.) (CN X)
- Ulnar nerve injury location
- Medial epicondyle
- CN III function
- occulomotor, pupil constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening
- Branchial arch 3 nerve
- IX (innervates 1 muscle and nothing else --> stylopharyngeus)
- Peripheral nerve layers
- Epineurium, perineurium, Endoneurium
- CN VII function
- facial movement, anterio 2/3 taste, lacrimation, salivation (submaxiallry and submandibular glands)
- EPO secreting cells of kidney
- juxtoglomerular cells
- Left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to
- coronary sinus
- 5th aortic arch becomes
- Nothing
- stroke of anterior circle of Willis signs
- general sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia
- Allontois becomes
- Urachus or median umbilical ligament (not medial)
- Cleft palate mechanism
- Failure or fusion of lateral palatine, nasal septum, and/or palatine process
- Function of anterior hypothalamus
- Regulates cooling (Anterior Cooling = A/C)
- Branchial cleft 1 derivative
- external auditory meatus
- Male homologue of vestibular bulbs
- corpus spongiosum
- Spermatid acrosome derived from
- Golgi apparatus
- Hindgut blood supply
- inferior mesenteric
- what channel has round pores (100-200 nm in diameter) with no basement membrane
- the sinusoids of the liver
- Macula adherens components
- keratin and desmoplakin
- Location for pudendal nerve block
- ischial spine
- Notochord function
- Induces ectoderm to for neuroectoderm
- Function of ventral posterior nucleus, medial part (VPM)
- facial sensation including pain
- Midgut blood supply
- superior mesenteric
- Sperm development
- spermatogonium (diploid 2N), primary spermatocyte (diploid 4N), secondary speramatocyte (haploid 2N), spermatid (haploid N)
- Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
- Pheochromocytoma
- Broad ligament of uterus contents
- round ligaments of the uterus and ovaries and the uterine tubules and vesels
- Abberant development of 3rd and 4th branchal pouches leads to
- DiGeorge syndrome --> T cell deficiency
- Hypoglossus innervates what
- All muscles with the word "glossus" in them, except for palatoglossus (X)
- Macula adherens
- desmosome made up of keratin and desmoplakin
- Spermatid flagellum derived from
- Centriole
- Branchial arch 2 nerve
- VII
- Function of ventral anterior/lateral (VA/VL) nuclei
- motor
- Hemiballismus
- Sudden wild flailing of one arm
- Consequence of lesion in arcuate fasiculus
- Conduction aphasia; poor repitition with good comprehension; fluent speech
- secretory product of Zona glomerulosa
- aldosterone
- Regulatory control of zona glomerulosa
- Renin-angiotensin
- Branchial clefts derived from
- Ectoderm (CAP = from outside to inside Ecto/Meso/Endo=Clefts/Arches/Pouches
- CN I function
- smell
- stroke of posterior circle of Willis signs
- cranial nerve deficits (vertigo, visual deficits), coma, cerebellar deficits (ataxia)
- Brachial plexus injury leading to deltoid paralysis
- Axillary nerve of posterior cord
- Gamma loop
- CNS stimulates gamma-motor neuron --> contracts intrafusal fiber --> increased sensitivity of reflex arc
- Paramesonephric duct develops into
- Fallopian tube, uterus, part of vagina
- Found within the red pulp of spleen
- T cells
- Branchial arch 6 derivatives
- all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except one: cricothyroid
- Ligaments of the uterus
- Suspensory ligament, Transverse cervical, Round ligament, Broad ligament
- Ductus arteriousus becomes
- ligamentum arteriosum
- Function of oligodendroglia
- central myelin production
- Path for pupillary light reflex (light in right eye)
- CN II --> right lateral geniculate -> right pretectal nucleus --> bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei --> CN III --> ciliary ganglion --> pupil contraction
- Neural crest cells become
- ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells, pia mater, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, ondontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage
- Hemidesmosome
- connects cells to underlying extracellular matrix
- Branchial arch 2 derivatives
- Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid, muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
- Palate elevation testing
- CN X, kuh-kuh-kuh
- Consequence of lesion in subthalamic nucleus
- Hemiballismus
- One consequence of enlarged left atrium
- dysphagia
- Athetosis
- Slow writhing movements of fingers
- CN V function
- mastication, facial sensation, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
- nipple dermatome
- T4
- Brachial plexus injury leading to claw hand
- Ulnar nerve of medial cord
- Consequence of lesion in basal ganglia
- tremor at rest (athetosis)
- Spermatid neck contains
- Mitochondria
- Retroperitoneal structures
- Duodenum (2nd-4th parts), Ascending & Descending colon, Kidney/ureters, Pancreas (except tail), Aorta, IVC, Adrenal glands, Rectum
- Lesion in Wednig-Hoffman disease
- LMN --> flaccid paralysis
- umbilicus dermatome
- T10
- Muscle that opens mouth
- Lateral pterygoid (Lateral Lowers the jaw)
- Fasciculus gracilis location
- Medial dorsal column
- Dorsal motor nucleus sends what
- Autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers of X to heart, lungs, and upper GI
- Cells that activate B cells in Peyer's patches
- M cells
- 4th Branchial arch nerve
- X (like 6; 6+4 = X)
- Branchial arches dervied from
- Mesoderm (CAP = from outside to inside Ecto/Meso/Endo=Clefts/Arches/Pouches
- Fasciculus cuneatus
- Vibration/join position of arms
- Right lymphatic duct drains what
- right arm and right half of head
- Radial nerve deficit motor findings
- lack of triceps & brachioradialis reflex, loss of extensor carpi radialis longus (wrist drop)
- Lesion in poliomyelitis
- LMN --> flaccid paralysis
- Lumbar puncture layers
- Skin, Fascia, Ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, flavum), Epidural space, Dura mater, Subdural space, Arachnoid, Subarachnoid space (CSF)
- I-cell disease
- Failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate --> lysosome proteins secreted outside of cell instead of into lysosome
- Contralateral weakness of lower face only
- UMN lesion
- Function of Schwann cells
- peripheral myelin production
- Hypothenar muscle functions
- Op[onens digiti minimi, Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi (OAF)
- Uncal herniation signs
- Ipsilateral mydriasis (stretching of CN III), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (compression of ipsilateral posteroir cerebral arery), Ipsilateral paresis (compression of contralateral crus cerebri, duret hemorrhages (caudal displacement of brain stem)
- secretory product of adrenal medulla
- Catecholines (80% epi, 20% norepi)
- Muscles of mastication
- Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
- Consequence of lesion in cerebellar vermis
- Truncal ataxia, dysarthria
- venous drainage below pectinate line
- inferior rectal vein --> internal pudendal vein --> internal iliac vein --> IVC
- Incus and malleus derived from
- 1 branchial arch
- Consequence of lesion in mamillary bodies
- Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy (confabulations, anterograde amnesia)
- DES teratogenicity
- Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma as an adult
- Functions of Golgi apparatus
- distributes proteins/lipids, modifies N-oligosaccharide on aspagine, adds O-oligosaccharides to serine and threonine, proteoglycan assembly, sulfation of sugars, addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosomal proteins
- Passage for CN V2
- foramen rotundum
- beta cells of pancreatic islet produce
- insulin
- Fetal susceptibility to teratogens
- 3rd-8th weeks
- alpha cells of pancreatic islet produce
- glucagon
- Location of Peyer's patches
- lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum function
- site of synthesis of secretory proteins and N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins
- Indirect hernia location
- Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
- CN II function
- sight
- Right ovary/testicle venous drainage
- right gonadal vein --> IVC
- Fetal milestone within week 4
- Heart begins to beat
- Endoderm becomes
- Gut tube epithelium, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid
- Consequence of lesion in frontal lobe
- Release signs (personality changes, deficits in concentration, orientation, judgement)
- Male homologue of labia majora
- scrotum
- Consequence of lesion in broca's area
- Expressive aphasia (BROken speech) with good comprehension
- Unhappy triad of the knee
- torn MCL, medial meniscus, and ACL
- Nucleus ambiguous function
- CN IX, X, XI (Motor only)
- Branchial pouch 4 develops into
- superior parathyroids
- 4th aortic arch becomes
- Aortic arch on left; Subclavian artery on right
- difference between primary and secondary lymph node follicles
- primary are dense and dormant; secondary are pale and active
- Median nerve injury location
- Supracondyle of humerus
- Zona occludens
- tight junctions
- Nucleus ambiguous sends what
- Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (CN X)
- Golgi tendon organ function
- Ib fiber senses tension and provides inhibitory feedback to alpha-motor neuron
- Loss of knee jerk
- Femoral (L2-L4)
- Kartagener's syndrome defect
- Dynein arm defect --> immotile cilia
- Cocaine teratogenicity
- Abnormal development and addiction
- Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes
- Pancreatic body and tail
- Lesion in ALS
- combined UMN and LMN with no sensory deficit
- Femoral triangle borders
- Medial edge of Sartorius, Inferior edge of inguinal ligament, Lateral border of adductor longus
- delta cells of pancreatic islet produce
- somatostatin
- Most common location of coronary artery occlusion
- LAD
- CN IX function
- Posterior 1/3 taste, swallowing (stylopharyngeus), salivation (parotid), monitoring carotid body/sinus
- Sperm food supply
- Fructose
- Vision defect with left parietal lesion
- right lower quandrantic anopsia
- Passage for CN V3
- foramen ovale
- Most common location of circle of Willis aneurysm
- Anterior comminicating artery
- Direct hernia usual age
- Older men
- Nerves passing through jugular foramen
- IX, X, XI
- Drug used to close a patent PDA
- Indomethacin
- Zona adherens
- intermediate junction
- Nerves passing through foramen magnun
- CN XI
- Median nerve deficit sensory findings
- Loss over lateral palm, thumb, and radial 2.5 fingers
- GI blood supply
- Foregut (stomach--duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)-Celiac; Midgut (duodenum to transverse colon)-SMA; Hindgut (tranverse colon to upper colon)-IMA
- 2nd aortic arch becomes
- Stapedial artery and proximal part of carotid artery (Second=Stapedial)
- inguinal ligament dermatome
- L1
- Suspensory ligament of uterus contents
- ovarian vessels
- Fasciculus gracilis
- Vibration/joint position of legs
- Branchial arch 1 nerve
- V3
- Tongue taste innervation
- CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus)
- Function of lateral hypothalamic nucleus
- Hunger
- Digestive tract layers
- Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa, Submucosa (Meissner/Submucosal plexus), Muscularis propria (inner circular muscle, Auerbach'/Myenteric plexus, outer longitudinal muscle)
- Branchial arch 6 nerve
- X (like 4, 6+4 = X)
- Type III collagen
- reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
- Reflex arc
- muscle stretch --> intrafusal stretch --> Ia afferent stimulation --> alpha-motor neuron stimulation --> reflexal extrafusal contraction
- Left recurrent laryngeal wraps where
- arch of the aorta
- Most common locatio nfor vertebral disk herniation
- between L5 and S1
- Brachial plexus injury leading to Saturday night palsy
- Radial nerve of posterior cord
- Potter's syndrome
- Bilateral renal agenesis
- Midgut
- duodenum to poximal 2/3 of transverse colon
- Innervation above pectinate line
- visceral
- Middle cerebral artery supplies
- lateral aspect of brain, Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas
- Brachial plexus injury leading to difficulty flexing elbow
- Musculocutaneous nerve of lateral cord
- Consequence of lesion in right parietal lobe
- Spatial neglect
- Sign of unilateral lesion of cerebellum
- Patient falls toward the lesion
- CN VIII function
- hearing and balance
- Function of microglia
- phagocytosis
- Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus function
- coordinates motility via parasympathetic effector neurons between muscle layers
- Contents of cavernous sinus
- Internal carotid artery, CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, postganglionic sympathetic fibers en route to the orbit
- CN VI function
- abducts eye with lateral rectus (abducens)
- Mesoderm becomes
- Dura mater, muscle, bone, cardiovascular/lymphatic system, blood, uorgenital, serous linings, spleen, adrenal cortex
- Muscles of larynx innervated by
- CN X
- Notochord becomes
- nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk
- Lateral striate arteries supply
- internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
- Brachial plexus injury leading to wrist drop
- Posterior cord (C7)
- kneecap dermatome
- L4
- Foregut blood supply
- celiac
- Passage for CN II
- optic canal
- Meckel's diverticilum from
- persistance of vitelline duct or yolk stalk
- Function of hypothalamic setpate nucleus
- Sexual urges (Septate=Sex)
- Indirect hernia usual age
- INdirect = INfants
- Number of spinal nerves
- 31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
- Branchial arch 3 derivatives
- Greater horn of hyoid, stylopharyngeus
- Nucleus solitarius
- CN VII, IX, X (Sensory only)
- Lower border of spinal cord in adults
- L1-L2
- CN IV function
- abducts, introverts, and depresses eye (superior oblique muscle)
- Contents of paracortex of lymph node
- T cells
- Fetal milestones within weeks 3-8
- Neural tube, heart beats, oragnogenesis, susceptible to teratogens
- Nissl bodies location
- rought ER of neurons; Not in axon or axon hillock
- Upper and lower lesion paralysis with weakness of upper and lower face
- LMN lesion
- Egg development
- Primary oocytes being meiosis I and arrested in prophase until ovulation; Meiosis II is arrested in Metaphase until fertilization
- Borders of hesselbach's triangle
- Inferio epigastric artery, lateral border of rectus abdominis, inuinal ligament
- Brachial plexus injury leading to waiter's tip
- Upper Trunk (C5/C6)
- CN XI function
- head turning, shoulder shrugging
- Aorta, thoracic duct, and azygous cross diaphragm at what level
- T12
- Function of ventromedial nucleus
- Satiety (without ventromedial nucleus you'll grow ventrally and medially --> you'll get fat)
- Vision defect with right optic radiation lesion
- left hemianopsia with macular sparing
- Common location of lumbar puncture
- Between L3-L4 or L4-L5
- Branchial arch 4 derivatives
- thytoid/cricoid/arytenoids/corniculate/cuneiform cartilages, most pharyngeal constrictor muscles, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
- Spermatic cord layers
- External spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia
- Male homologue of greater vestibular glands (of Bartholini)
- Bulbourethral glands (Cowper)
- secretory product of Zona reticularis
- sex hormones
- Function of lateral geniculate nucleus
- visual (Lateral to Look)
- Loss of dorsiflexion
- Common peroneal nerve (L4-S2)
- Thymus apperance
- Dense cortex (immature), Pale medulla (mature), Hassall's corpuscles
- Stapes derived from
- 2nd branchial arch
- Diphragm derived from
- Septum transversum, Pleuroperitoneal folds, Body wall, Dorsal mesentery of esophagus (Several Parts Build Diaphragm)
- Nephrotic syndrome malfunction
- loss of basement membrane charge
- Male homologue of labia minora
- ventral shaft of penis
- Function of ependymal cells
- Inner lining of ventricles
- Structures perforating diaphragm and level
- T8-IVC, T10-Esophagus/VaGus, T12-Aorta/thoracic duct/azygous vein (I 8 10 EGgs AT 12)
- Consequence of lesion in Wernicke's area
- Sensory (fluent/receptive) aphasia (Wernickes=Wordy) with poor comprehension