Saxon Math 76 Vocabulary
Terms
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- acute angle
- an angle that has a measure greater than 0* and less than 90*
- acute triangle
- a triangle in which each of the three angles measures less than 90*
- addend
- a number that is added in an addition problem
- addition sequence
- an ordered list of numbers in which the same number is added to the previous term to get the following term
- algebraic addition
- the addition of the opposite of a number; used to replace subtraction
- a.m.
- before noon (ante meridiem)
- angle
- an opening between two intersecting lines, rays, or segments
- Arabic numerals
- the digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9) used in combination with place value to express numbers. For example, 475 is an Arabic numeral.
- area
- the number of square units of a given size that cover the surface of a figure
- average
- the amount found by dividing the sum of a set of numbers by the number of numbers in the set, also known as arithmetic average or mean
- base
- in a triangle or parallelogram, the side from which the height of the triangle or parallelogram is measured
- Celsius scale
- one of the scales used on a thermometer to measure temperature. on this scale, water boils at 100*C and freezes at 0*C. normal body temperature is 37*C
- century
- one hundred years
- chance
- the likelihood that something will happen, expressed as a percentage
- circle
- a round graph in which every point on the graph is the same distance from a center point
- circumference
- the distance around a circle, also known as the perimeter of a circle
- common number
- a number shared by two or more sets, as in common factor, common multiple and common denominator
- compare
- to determine whether one number or expression is greater than, less than, or equal to another number or expression
- compass
- a tool that aids in the drawing of circles, as well as in other geometric applications
- composite
- a number that has more than two factors
- cone
- a three-dimensional solid with a circular base and a single vertex
- congruent
- a set of figures that have the same shape and size. also, angles or line segments that have the same measure
- coordinate plane
- a graph of two perpendicular number lines that have scale marks extended to form a grid on which to plot points
- coordinates
- a paired set of numbers like (3, -2) that indicates the location of a point on a coordinate plane. the first number shows the horizontal direction and distance from the origin (on the x-axis); the second number shows the vertical direction and distance from the origin (on the y-axis)
- counting numbers
- the numbers in this sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,....
- cross products
- the result of taking a pair of fractions and multiplying the numerator of the first fraction by the denominator of the second fraction and vice versa
- cube
- a three-dimensional solid with six square faces. adjacent faces are perpendicular, and opposite faces are parallel
- cylinder
- a three-dimensional solid with two circular bases, that are opposite and parallel to each other
- decade
- ten years
- decimal places
- all of the place values to the right of the decimal point
- decimal point
- a period used to separate the ones' place from the tenths' place
- degree (*)
- the unit used to measure angles. also, the symbol used to denote unit divisions on a temperature scale
- denominator
- the bottom number of a fraction, designating the number of equal parts in a whole number
- diameter
- the distance across a circle throught the center of the circle
- difference
- the result of subtraction
- digit
- any one of the following ten numerical symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
- dividend
- the number that is divided in a division problem
- divisible
- the ability to be divided without a remainer; for example 6 is divisible by 1,2,3, and 6
- divisor
- the number by which another number is divided
- edge
- a line at which two faces of a solid come together
- endpoints
- the points at which a line segment ends
- equals sign (=)
- a symbol that indicated that two numbers or expressions are equivalent
- equilateral triangle
- a triangle in which all three sides and all three angles are equal in measure
- equivalent
-
expressions that have the same value; for example, 2/4 is equivalent to 1/2, or
2/4 = 1/2 - estimate
- to roughly determine a size or value; to calculate approzimately using rounded numbers
- even numbers
- those numbers that can be divided by 2 without a remainer. the digit in the ones' place of an even number is 0,2,4,6, or 8
- experimental probability
- the probability of an event occurring as determined by data collection
- exponent
- a number that indicates repeated multiplication of the base. for example, in 5 to the 2nd, 2 is the exponent and 5 is the base, and this means 5 x 5, or 25
- face
- a flat surface of a solid
- fact families
- sets of three numbers which can be formed into two addition facts and two subtraction facts, or two muliplication facts and two division facts
- factor
- a number being multiplied. also, a whole number which divides another whole number without a remainer
- Fahrenheit scale
- one of the scales, used on a thermometer to measure temperature. on this scale, water boils at 212*F and freezes at 32*F. normal body temperature is 98.6*F
- fraction
- a common fraction is part of a whole, expressed as a numerator over a denominator
- geometry
- the study of shapes
- graph
- a diagram such as a bar graph, a circle graph (pie chart), or a line graph that displays quantitative information
- greater than/less than sign (< >)
- a symbol placed between two numbers or expressions to indicate which is greater or which is less
- greatest common factor (GCF)
- the largest whole number that is a factor of all members of a given set of whole numbers
- height
- in a triangle or parallelogram, the perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite vertex of a trianle or from the base to the parallel side of a parallelogram
- hexagon
- any six-sided polygon
- histogram
- a special type of bar graph that displays data in equivalent intervals with no space between the bars
- horizontal
- parallel with the horizon; perpendicular to vertical
- hundredths' place
- the place value two places to the right of the decimal point. each hundredth equals 1/100
- improper fraction
- a fraction in which the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator; a fraction that is equal to or greater than one
- integers
- the set of numbers that includes all the counting numbers, their opposites, and zero
- intersecting lines
- lines that cross; lines which share a common point
- irrational number
- a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction. examples are ∠and √2
- isosceles triangle
- a triangle in which at least two of the three sides and angles are equal in measure
- length
- a longer side of a rectangle
- least common multiple (LCM)
- the smallest number that is a multiple of a given set of whole numbers
- line
- a continuous string of points extending in two opposite directions without end
- line of symmetry
- a line that divides a figure into two mirror images
- mass
- the amount of matter in an object
- mean
- the average of a set of numbers
- median
- in a set of numbers arranged in order from least to greatest, the middle number, or the average of the two middle numbers
- metric system
- an international system of measure based on multiples of ten using units such as meters, liters, and grams
- mixed numbers
- an expression made up of a whole number and a fraction, such as 2 3/4
- mode
- the most frequently occurring number or numbers in a set of numbers
- mulitple
- a number found by multiplying a given number by a whole number greater than zero; for example, the multiples of 5 are 5,10,15,20,....
- multiplication sequence
- an ordered list of numbers in which the same number is multiplied by the previous term to get the following term
- negative
- a number less than zero; the opposite of positive
- noon
- midday; 12:00 p.m.
- number line
- a line with evenly spaced marks on which a number is associated with each mark
- numeral
- a written symbol for a number
- numerator
- the top number of a fraction, designating the number of parts being used
- oblique
- slanted, sloped, or inclined lines; neither horizontal nor vertical; neither parallel nor perpendicular
- obtuse angle
- an angle that has a measure greater than 90* but less than 180*
- obtuse triangle
- a triangle in which one angle measures greater than 90*
- octagon
- any eight-sided polygon
- odd numbers
- those numbers that have a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. the digit in the ones' place of an odd number is 1,3,5,7, or 9
- operation of arithmetic
- mathematical processes performed according to specific rules. these processes are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
- opposites
- those numbers that can be written with the same digits but with opposite signs. for example, the opposite of 5 is -5. the sum of a number and its opposite is zero
- origin
- the point (0,0) on a cordinate plane at which the x-axis and y-axis intersect
- parallel
- lines, rays, or segments that remain the same distance apart and do not intersect
- parallelogram
- a quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides
- pentagon
- a five-sided polygon
- percent
- a fraction with the denominator 100 expressed with a percent sign, %. for example, 99% = 99/100
- perfect square
- a number that has as its square root a whole number. examples of perfect squares are 1, 4, and 9
- perimeter
- the distance around a shape
- perpendicular
- lines, rays, or segments that intersect to form right angles
- pi (âˆ)
- the Greek letter that stands for the number of diamteters in a circulference (approximately equal to 3.14)
- place value
- the value of a digit determined by its position within a numeral
- p.m.
- after noon (post meridiem)
- polygon
- any straight-sided closed plane figure
- polyhedron
- a solid figure on which every face is a polygon
- positive
- a number grater than zero; the opposite of negative
- prime
- a counting number that has exactly two factors, the number 1 and itself
- prime factorization
- the breakdown of a counting number by writing it as a product of its prime factors
- prism
- a three-dimensional solid that has two congruent, parallel polygons as its base
- probability
- the likelihood that something will happen expressed as a ratio
- product
- the result of multiplying
- proper fraction
- a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator
- proportion
- a true statement that dmonstrates two rations are equivalent
- protractor
- a tool that is used to measure and draw angles
- pyramid
- a three-dimensional solid with a polygon as its base and triangular sides that meet at a vertex
- quadrilateral
- any four-sided polygon
- quotient
- the result of division
- radius
- the distance from the center of a circle. the plural of radius is radii
- range
- the difference between the greatest and the least in a set of numbers
- ratio
- an expression of the relationship between two numbers using a colon, a fraction, or words, such as 3:2, 3/2, or 3 to 2
- ray
- the portion of a line that begins at one point and continues without end
- reciprocal
- the fraction resulting from inverting a given fraction (reversing the numerator and denominator). the product of a fraction and its reciprocal is one
- rectangle
- a four-sided polygon that has four right angles
- rectangular prism
- a prism with rectangles as bases
- rectangular solid
- a three-dimensional solid where all six faces are rectangles. opposite faces are parallel and adjacent faces are perpendicular
- reduce
- to divide a fraction by another fraction equal to 1 in order to form an equivalent fraction in which both the numerator and denominator have lesser values. for example, 2/4 reduces to 1/2
- reflection
- a transformation performed by reflecting a figure as in a mirror or flipping a figure over a certain line
- regular polygon
- a polygon in which all sides and angles are equal in measure
- remainder
- in subtraction, the difference; in division, any number that is left over after dividing integers
- rhombus
- a parallelogram that has sides of equal length
- right angle
- a square angle, often marked with a square, that has a measure of 90*
- right triangle
- a triangle in which one angle measures 90*
- Roman numerals
- an ancient form of numbering that does not use place value; for example II is a Roman numeral equivalent to the Arabic numeral 2
- rotaion
- a transformation performed by turning a figure about a certain point
- rounding
- finding another number that is near the number given; for example, 587 rounds to 600
- sales tax
- the tax charged on the sale of an item based upon the selling price
- scale
- a system of marks at regular intervals used for measurement. also, an instrument that displays such marks
- scalene triangle
- a triangle in which all three sides and all three angles are not equal in measure
- segment
- a part of a line that has two endpoints
- sequence
- an ordered list of numbers that follows a certain rule
- side
- a line segment of a polygon; the number of sides indicates the type of polygon
- similar
- a set of figures or angles that are the same shape but not necessarily the same size
- solid
- a geometric shape that occupies space
- sphere
- a smooth geometric solid that is shaped like a ball
- square
- a rectangle in which all sides are the same length
- square root
- a number that, when multiplied by itself, equals the given number. the square root of 49 is 7 because 7 ∙ 7 = 49. the principal of the positive square root of a number is indicated by this symbol, √
- straight angle
- an angle that forms a straight line and has a measure of 180*
- sum
- the result of addition
- surface area
- the total area of all of the surfaces of a geometric solid
- survey
- a method of collecting data about a particular population
- tenths' place
- the place value one place to the right of the decimal point. each tenth equals 1/10
- theoretical probability
- the probability of an event occurring as determined by analysis rather than by experimentation
- thousandths' place
- the place value three places to the right of the decimal point. each thousandth equals 1/1000
- transformation
- any of the three forms of movement (rotation, reflection, and translation) made to reposition a figure
- translation
- a transformation performed by sliding a figure in one direction without turning the figure
- trapezium
- a quadrilateral in which no sides are parallel
- trapezoid
- a quadrilateral in which one pair of sides are parallel
- triangle
- a polygon that has three sides and three angles, the sum of which measure 180*
- unit multiplier
- a fraction equal to one, written with two different but equivalent units of measure; for example, 1 ft/12 in is a unit multiplier
- U.S.Customary System
- a U.S. system of measure using units such as fee, gallons and pounds
- vertex
- the point at which two sides of a polygon or three or more edges of a polyhedron intersect. the plural of vertex is vertices. note that a cone also has a vertex. this vertex is not made from the intersection of edges, but rather the intersection of the lines that would make up the non-base surface of the cone
- vertical
- upright; perpendicular to horizontal
- volume
- the amount of space a given shape occupies
- whole numbers
- all the counting numbers and zero, as in the sequence: 0,1,2,3,4,....
- width
- a shorter side of a rectangle
- x-axis
- the horizontal number line of the coordinate plane
- y-axis
- the vertical number line of the coordinate plane