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Music History Exam Part1

Terms

undefined, object
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Divine origin of music (Music of the spheres)
the way the planets moved was supposed to represent some sort of music
Cult of Apollo
developed the Lyre and Kithara.
Lyre- Harp
Kithara- Larger lyre
Cult of Dionysus
Aulos
Aulos, Double Aulos
woodwind instrument like recorder, double instrument
monophony
melody without harmony or counterpoint just plain melody
Heterophony
instruments embellish the melody while a choir or soloists sings the same melody
Pythagorus
credited for discovering that a string can be divided into ratios
Claudius Ptolemy
thought that music had a connection to astronomy. (Music of the spheres)
Doctrine of ethos
ethical character of various scales and their moral qualities which could affect their soul.
Harmonics
study of matters concerning pitch; study of notes
2:1
octave; divided in two
3:2
fifth; divided in three
4:3
fourth; divided in four
tetrachord
four note chord
diatonic
step
chromatic
half step
enharmonic
quarter tone
genera
greek division of labeling
tonoi
formulas for writing melodies
harmonie
musical mode
ancient roman empire
inherited greek culture; adopted art of a helenistic world
Tibea
common version of an aulos
two forms of music used by ancient roman empire
music of pleasure: musical competitions (Loud and impressive)
music for battle: loved battle music
summary of important musical accomplishments!
1.) music was mostly melody
2.) melody was linked to meter, rythym, and words
3.) musicians did not read notes, relied on memory
4.) Philosophers conceived music as an orderly system both mathematically and morally.
5.) made the foundation of acoustic theory
6.) scales built from tetrachords
7.)theorists developed sophisticated musical terminology
constantine
came from gal(france) to rule rome, formulated edict of milan- gave christians the right to practice
influence on divine liturgy of the early christian church
rejected cultivated music. Music used to praise but not as an idol
hymn singing
oldest account of christian music
Byzantium: Eastern Church
absorbed music of ancient greece and asia minor. Canstantinople replacement. Used 8 tones in music
Ison
pedal tone under a sung melody
Western liturgy
political unrest. In chaos.
Rites
liturgy of a specific church or a group of churches
Rites: Chant Melodies of eaurope
All vocal and used latin as their major language;
monophonic;
pre-gregorian chant;
helped build the foundation for gregorian chant
7 Rites
1.) Gallican Chant; France
2.) Celtic Chant; Ireland
3.) Beneventan Chant; Southern Italy
4.) Old Roman Chant
5.) Visigothic/ Mozarabic; Spain
6.)Sarum(Salisbury): England
7.) Ambrosian Chant: Milan Italy
Gregorian chant (PLain chant)
Pope grgory the Great; "A dove that sang the melodies in his ear"
Actually- a collection fo works of the people of the time
Icons
2d paintings, similar to the music of the time
Liber Usualis (General Book)
monks of solesmes decided to take all the gregorian chants and put them into one book
Rule of St. Benedict
rules of how to run a monestary. The importance of a Cantor
Schola Cantorum
choir of singers that met for liturgies to sing the gregorian chants
Church Fathers
helped develop churches theology and helped build on the scriptures
St Augistine (De Musica)
though that music was to be servent of religion
de musica
enjoy music but not to the point where you enjoy the music more than the text
Education: Trivium & Quadrivium
Trivium: Grammar , Dialect, Rhetoricd
Quadrivium: Geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music(Harmonics)
Boethius
helped preserve ancient greek theory
He had 3 types of music: Cosmic, Union of body and soul,and audible music.
Plainchant
Musical prayer still used by composers today.
Many years to develop by men and women in monestaries.
*Non Metrical
*Monophonic
*Restrained mood
*Sung in Latin
Mass
primary liturgy, celebration reenactment of the last supper. Sharing of bread and wine. Most important of all liturgies. Sacred. Catholic ties
Two types of mass
Order (Constant)
Proper(Changeable)
Order (MASS)
1.) Kyrie
2.) Gloria
3.) Credo
4.) Sanctus
5.) Agnus Dei
6.) Ite, missa est
Proper (MASS) (IMPORTANT ONLY)
Introit
Gradual
Alleluia
Sequence
Communion
Syllabic
each syllable has its own note
Melismatic
long melodic passage on a single syllable(more than 5 notes)
neumatic
4-5 notes on a single syllable
Euouae
Saeculorum Amen
Antiphpnal
two choruses switching verses
Tropes
new addition to the mass-poetic setting
sequences
long poetic verse at the end of alleluia
Liturgical Drama
passages from the bible, good vs. evil
Divine Office
Matins, Lauds, Vespers
Minnesinger and Meistersinger
minnesingers were the equivelant to the toubadors
Medieval Instruments
Harp, Vielle, Organistrum, Psaltry, Flute, Shawms, Bagpipes, Trumpets, Organs
Toubadors and Trouveres
Traveled around and dressed up.
Guido of Arezzo
Guidonian Hand, Hexachords, Staff, Major 2nd 9:8

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