Bio Final 06
Terms
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- Deoxyribose
- A phosphate group
- adenine, guanin, cytosine, thymine
- base pairs
- replication fork
- where the two chains separate during replication
- DNA polymerase
- enzyme that binds to chains to create more nucleotides
- mutation
- change in the nucleotide sequence
- mRNA
- consists of rna nucleotides, single uncoiled chain, carries info from nucleus to cytosol
- tRNA
- single chain of 80 RNA nucleotides, hairpin shape, binds to specific amino acids, 45 varieties
- rRNA
- globular form, makes up ribosomes where protins are made
- transcription
- process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA
- RNA polymerase
- primary transcription enzyme
- promoters
- specific areas of DNA that RNA polymerase binds to
- protien synthesis
- production of proties by the three types of RNA
- genetic code
- correlation between nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence
- start codon
- AUG
- stop codon
- UAA, UAG, UGA
- translation
- process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA
- X-linked genes/Y-linked genes
- genes found on the X or Y chormosome
- sex linkage
- the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome
- linkage group
- the genes found on the same chromosome
- chromosome map
- a diagram that shows the linear sequence of genes on a chromosome
- map unit
- when two genes are separated by crossing-over 1 percent of the time
- point mutation
- the addition, subtraction or romoval of a single nucleotide
- sickle-cell anemia
- caused by point-mutation that subsitutes adenine for thymine in a single DNA codon
- frame shift mutation
- when the addition or deletion of a single nucleotide causes the remaining nucleotide to be incorrectly grouped
- Huntington's disease
- caused by a dominant allele located on an autosome=> autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. eventually causes death
- genetic marker
- short section of DNA known to have a close association with a particular gene nearby
- recessive, X-linked diseases
- colorblindness, hemophelia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- downs's syndrome
- extra chromosome 21
- amniocytosis, chronic villi sampling
- ways for physicians to test the health of a fetus
- phenylketonuria/ PKU
- genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, causes severe brain damage
- aquired trait
- one that is not determined by genes
- population
- interbreeding single-species group
- uniformitarianism
- the geological structure of Earth resulted from cycles of observable processes which operate continuously through time
- fitness
- how well-adapted and able to reproduce an animal is in it's environment
- taxonomy
- branch of biology that names and groups organisma according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
- levels of classification
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- species name
-
genus, species identifier
(binomial nomanclature) - phylogeny
- evolutionary history
- kingdom archarbacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes
- kingdom eubacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes
- kingdom protista
- eukaryotic, mostly single-celled organisms
- kingdom fungi
- heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms
- kingdom plantae
- multicellular plants
- kindom animalia
- eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic organisms
- domains
-
3 domains:
domain archaea: kingdom archaebacteria
domain bacteria: kingdom eubacteria
domain eukarya: all other kingdoms - protozoa
- single-celled microscopic organisms, noted for their ability to move independently
- zoo plankton
- population of organisms that constitutes oone of the primary sources of of energy in aquatic ecosytems
- multiple fission
- form of cell division that results in a number of identical individuals
- conjugation
- individuals from opposite mating strains pair and exchange genetic material. more complex in protozoa than in bacteria
- sarcodina
- sarcodines, pseudopodia, heterotrophis; some parasitic, Amoeba, Radiolaria, Naegleria
- ciliophora
- ciliates, cilia, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Balantidium
- Zoomastigina
- zooflagellates, flagella, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichonympha
- Sporozoa
- sporozoans, no locomotion, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma
- cytoplasmic streaming
- internal flowing of a cell's cytoplasm
- test
- shell
- foraminifera
- ancient group of shelled sarcodines found primarily in the ocean
- radiolarians
- among oldest known group of sarcodines, live in shallow, open water
- amebic dysentery
- caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- pellicle
- a clear elastic layer of protien that surrounds the cell membrane
- macronucleus
- contains multiple copies of DNA and is responsible for metabolic and developmental functions
- micronucleus
- participates in the exchange of genetic material between individuals during conjugation
- trypanosomiasis
- sleeping sickness transferred by the tsetse fly in africa
- Chagas' disease
- transferred by "kissing bug", causes fever and severe heart damage
- giardiasis
- caused by giardia lamblia, causes severe diarrhea and intestinal cramps
- toxoplasmosis
- caused by toxoplasma gondii, harmful for infants or fetus'
- malaria
- caused by plasmodium, causes severe chills, fever, sweating, fatigue and great thirst, can be transferred by sporozoites, erozoites or gametocytes