Subphylum Vertebrate

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What does the vertebral column contain?: Contains vertebrae
How is vertebrae better than a notochord?: It is more flexible than the notochord.
What kind of endoskeleton do vertebrates have?: Jointed endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage.
What does a jointed endoskeleton allow for?: Flexibility of movement.
What kind of circulatory system do vertebrates have?: A closed circulatory system.
What do vertebrate brains have?: a cranium
What do vertebrates have for respiration?: gills or lungs
How many kidneys do vertebrates have?: 2 kidneys
What is most likely the ancestor of vertebrates?: some extinct form of amphioxus
What does the true liver do?: Produces digestive enzymes; cleans and detoxifies blood
What are the 2 extinct classes of Subphylum Vertebrate?: Class Ostracodermi and Class Placodermi
Describe Class Ostracodermi.: Fish-like organisms with no paired fins, jaws or scales.
Which extinct class had paired fins, jaws, and scales?: Class Placodermi
What kind of water did Class Ostracodermi inhabit?: fresh water, but they arose in the ocean
What does Class Ostracodermi have in lieu of paired fins, jaws, and scales?: bony plates
What kind of feeders are the organisms from Class Ostracodermi?: bottom feeders, they suck up organic debris from the bottom of water
What kind of feeders are the organisms from Class Placodermi?: they were predators
What organisms are in Class Cyclostomata?: lamprey "eel" and the hagfish
What do the organisms from the Class Cyclostomata have in common with the Ostracoderms?: -no jaws, sucker mouth
- unpaired fins
- no scales, naked skins
How do Cyclostomatas breathe?: They have paired gills in pouches (5-16 pairs)
What kind of back support do Cyclostomatas have?: They have a notochord and a vertebral column with small vertebrae.
What kind of skeleton do Cyclostomatas have?: a cartilage skeleton
What is unique about Cyclostomatas' eyes?: They have a pineal eye, which is a third eye. It does not see images, but is light sensitive.
What kind of heart do Cyclostomatas have?: A two chambered heart
What do Cyclostomatas use the lateral line system for?: to detect water vibrations
Our ear is said to have developed from what?: the lateral line system of the Cyclostomatas
What organisms does the Class Chondrichthyes contain?: sharks and rays
What kind of feeders are Chondrichthyes?: jawed predators
How do Chondrichthyes breathe?: through paired gills in slits (5-7 pairs)
What kind of skelton do Chondrichthyes have?: cartilage skeleton
What kind of scales do Chondrichthyes have?: placoid scales
What do Chondrichthyes use to detect water vibrations?: the lateral line system
What do Chondricthyes have to increase food absorption?: They have a spiral valve, which means that the inside of their intestines is spiral to increase surface area to increase food absorption.
What kind of heart do Chondricthyes have?: a two chambered heart
What kind fertilization do Chondricthyes have?: internal fertilization
What do Chondricthyes lack that would help them swim better?: They lack a swim bladder
What is a swim bladder?: bladder with gas in it that allows animal to change depths in water
What does the Class Osteichthyes contain?: the bony fish
What is the largest vertebrate class?: Class Osteichthyes
What kind of skeleton do Osteichthyes have?: a bony skeleton
How do Osteichthyes breathe?: with paired gills in gill chambers with an operculum
What do Osteichthyes have that allow them to swim better?: swim bladder
What evolved from lungs?: swim bladder
What kind of heart do Osteichthyes have?: a two chambered heart
What do Osteichthyes have to sense water vibrations?: lateral line system
What kind of fertilization do Osteichthyes have?: external fertilization
What is the transition class from fresh water to land?: Class Amphibia
What subclass are all living amphibians in?: Subclass Lissamphibia
What are the 3 living Orders of Class Amphibia?: -frogs and toads
- newts and salamanders
- caecilians
Where do amphibians reproduce?: in water or wet areas
How do amphibians breathe?: In larval stage they have gills, as adults they have lungs
What kind of skin do amphibians have?: smooth, moist skin to aid in respiration
What kind of heart do amphibians have?: a three chambered heart
Where is the amphibian tongue attached?: attached in front so that they can catch insects
Describe the amphibian ear.: they have an ear ossicle, which means they have a bone, but no canal
How do amphibians shed their skin?: they molt
Do amphibians have powers of regeneration?: yes, just tail and limbs (digits)
What are the 3 problems with amphibians?: 1. cannot conserve body water because of their thin skin
2. cannot reproduce on land
3. can't thermoregulate
What are the 3 living orders of Class Reptilia?: - turtles and tortoises
- snakes and lizards
- crocodiles and alligators
What kind of skin do reptiles have?: thick, dry skin
Where do reptiles reproduce?: on land
What kind of egg do reptiles have?: egg with a shell, amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid
How do reptiles thermoregulate?: by sunning and shading themselves
What does the allantois of the egg do?: collects waste
What does the chorion of the egg do?: aids in respiration
How do reptiles breathe?: with lungs
What kind of heart do reptiles have?: a four chambered heart with a septum
What kind of penis do reptiles have?: a specialized penis with 2 prongs
Do reptiles molt?: snakes and lizards molt periodically
What is a disadvantage of being cold-blooded?: can't live in environments below 45 deg. F
What is an advantage of being cold-blooded?: require a lot less food to maintain body temperature
What does the Class Aves contain?: birds
What kind of body do birds have?: fusiform bodies - thick in center, thin head and tail (for flight)
What 6 purposes do feathers have?: flight, protection, heat retention, buoyancy, camouflage, and advertisement
What purpose do wings and tails have in birds?: for balance and brake
What kind of heart do birds have?: a four chambered heart, which allows for complete separation of oxygen rich and oxygn poor blood
Birds have a high center of _____.: gravity
What kind of bone structure do birds have?: many fused bones - largest bones are hollow
In birds, what are attached to the lungs?: pneumatic cavities
What is attached to the sternum in birds?: ribs
The keel in a bird is part of the ____.: sternum
What is the largest order of Class Aves?: O. Passeriformes
What is the keel for in birds?: attachment of pectoralis major muscles for flapping wings
What do birds have to sing?: larynx (top of trachea) and syrnix (bottom of trachea)
What kind of stomach do birds have?: normal stomach with crop, gizzard and proventriculus
What did birds evolve from?: archaeopteryx (had teeth, claws, and tail with vertebrae)
What are the 3 subclasses of Class Mammalia?: - Monotremata
- Metatheria
- Eutheria
What are the 3 species of Subclass Monotremata and what are the characteristics?: Echidna, 2 species of platypuses
egg layers, no mammae
What animals are in Subclass Metatheria?: koala and opposum
What is the main characteristic of Subclass Metatheria?: marsupials with a marsupium
What animals are in Subclass Eutheria?: humans
What is the main characteristic of Subclass Eutheria?: uterus and placenta
What are sebaceous glands?: glands that secrete oils to keep hair lubricated
What is scent used for in mammals?: to attract a mate or mark territory
How many appendages do mammals have?: four
Describe mammalian teeth.: they have a deciduous and a permanent set of teeth
Mammals are mainly ______ meaning they give birth to live young.: viviparous
What is the most common order of mammals?: rodents
What is the 2nd most common order of mammals?: bats
In addition to an abdomen with a diaphragm, mammals also have a _____.: thorax

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