A & P Exam III Metabolism, Krebs Cycle
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- How many phosphates does ADP contain?
- 2
- How many phosphates does ATP contain?
- 3
- What are the two processes in which ATP is formed?
- Substrate Level Phosphorylation and Oxidated Phosphorylation
- What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation?
- High energy substrate with a phosphate transfers that phosphate to ADP to make ATP
-
What is Oxidated
Phosphorylation? - High energy electrons are extracted from nutrients (proteins,carbs,fats) and are then carried to electron transport system where the energy is is extracted from the electrons used to make ATP.
- What is the manner in which most ATP is made?
- Oxidated Phosphorylation
- What are some of the "nutrients" that high energy electrons are extracted from during Oxidated Phosphorylation?
- Fats, Carbs and Proteins
- What is metabolism?
- The final breakdown of energy during food absorption (catabolism) + the production of new tissues and molecules.
- What is oxidation?
- The removal of electrons.
- What is reduction?
- The addition of electrons.
- What are coenzymes?
- Vitamins
- What are coenzymes responsible for?
- Carrying electrons.
- What are the primary energy molecules?
- Glucose
- How is glucose chemically represented?
- 6 Carbons or C-C-C-C-C-C
- How does glucose enter the cell?
- Aided by insulin.
- What are the 2 "reducing agents" that food chemicals are converted to in order to make ATP?
- NADH and FADH
- What vitamin is NADH?
- Niacin
- What vitamin is FADH?
- Riboflavin
- What does the symbol "+" indicate?
- Oxidated
- What does the symbol "H" indicate?
- Reduced
- In glycolysis, what happens when a glucose molecule enters the cytoplasm?
- A phosphate group is attached.
- When does the absorptive state take place?
- After a meal.
- What hormone aids in food absorption after a meal?
- Insulin
- What takes place during the post-absorptive state?
- Low energy levels.
- What are 3 hormones that are responsible for leveling out blood sugar?
- Glucogon,Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- What is another name for metabolic stress?
- Starvation
- What happens during metabolic stress?
- Glucose levels drop, Fat cannot pass the blood brain barrier, fat is converted to ketone bodies.
- What are some examples of ketone bodies?
- Acetone, Acetoacetate
- What happens during ketosis?
- The elevation of ketone bodies in the blood and a lowered blood pH.
- ATP
- High energy phosphate used to store and release energy in the body.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electrons are extrected from nutrients and then carried to the electron transport chain where the energy is extracted from the electrons used to make ATP
- FAD
- Riboflavin
- Glycolysis
-
Break down of sugar by cells
Cellular energy production - Kreb's Cycle
-
conversion of carbohydrates and lipids (sugars and fats) into ATP
Body's main source of energy. - Glycogenesis
- process whereby the liver converts a portion of glucose to glycogen
- Electron Transport Chain
- group of electron carriers in mitochondria that transport electrons to and from each other in a sequence, in order to generate ATP.
- Beta Oxidation
-
Process by which fat is broken down in order to generate ATP.
(Acetocholine) - Transamination
- the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound
- Gluconeogenesis
-
The production of glucose, a carbohydrate, from either fat or protein
Liver/Kidney - Deamination
- the amino grp is removed and placed into the urea cycle ehich converts it into urea which is excreted in the urine
- Ketosis
- abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies due to an inadequate intake or metabolism of carbohydrates and an increased fatty acid metabolism
- Adipose Capsule
- one consisting largely of fat
- Insulin
-
a peptide hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose.
Pancreas - Glucagon
- Amino acid that can increase glucose levels (opposite of insulin).
- Renal Pelvis
-
the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder.
-center of the kidney
-urine collects here - Glomerulus
-
Blood vessels in the kidney where blood is filtered to form urine.
Part of nephron - Loop of Henele
-
A U-shaped loop between the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney
Absorb water/ions kidney. - Proximal Convuluted Tubule
- the segment of the renal tubule that drains Bowman's capsule.
- Afferent Arteriole
- A blood vessel within the kidney that supplies blood to the glomerulus.
- Vasa Recta
- Long, straight capillaries that parallel the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons.
- Ureters
- two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
- Urethra
- A thin tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
- Hyperkalemia
-
high amounts of potassium in the blood.
Cardiac arrest - ADH
- Hormone produced by the body to reduce the amount of water excreted as urine.
- Aldosterone
- a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that controls sodium and potassium in the blood.
- Peritubular Vessels
- -AKA- vasa recta
- Cryptochidism
- one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum.
- Interstitial Cells
- Cells in the testes that secrete male sex hormones.
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Tubules on the interior of the testes where sperm are produced.
- Efferent Ducts
- Tubules that carry substances away from, part of the testes and connect the rete testis with the epididymis
-
Epididymis
Head/Body/Tail - long, tightly coiled tube that lies behind each testicle. The epididymis collects the sperm made by the testicles.
- Ductus Deferens
- thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis.
- Prostate Gland
- surrounds base of male bladder and urethra and produces prostatic fluid; contains seminal plasmin-"antibiotic"
- Cowper's Gland
- produces lubricant a man makes before ejaculation. aids in the reduction of male UTI
- Granulosa Cells
- Project micro-villi into the primary oocyte
- Primary Oocyte
-
A cell that undergoes meiosis in females.
arrested in Prophase of Meiosis I. - Luteinizing Hormone
- This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland. LH stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both men and women.
- Fallopian Tubes
- the passageway from the ovaries to the uterus. It is the path through which the eggs/sperm travels into the uterus.
- Endometrium
- mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus that grows during each menstrual cycle and is shed in menstrual blood.
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates the testicles to produce sperm in males and causes eggs to mature in females
- Corpus Luteum
- A structure formed from the ovulated follicle in the ovary; secretes progesterone and estrogen. Preparation for pregnancy
- Give 2 examples of reduction.
-
NAD + e(+) = NADH
FADH + e(+)= FADH(2) - Where does Glycolysis take place?
- In the cytoplasm
- Where does Decarboxylation take place?
- In the mitochondria
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
- In the matrix of the mitochondria
- What is the product of Glycolysis?
- Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)
- Protein Metabolism
- #1 purpose is the removal of the amino group. (deamination)
- Lypolysis -aka- Fat Metabolism
- Lypolysis is the natural biochemical process of burning fat and dissolving fat for energy.
- Steps in Lypolysis
-
-Beta Carbon is cut by enzymes
-2 carbon fragments are produced (acetylcholine)
-acetycholine fed to Krebs Cycle
-high energy electrons extracted - Fat Metabolism Diagram
-
H H H H H O
| | | | | |
H-C- C/ C- C/ C- C-OH
| | | | | |
H H H H H H - Ketone Generation
-
-low glucose state
-fat cannot pass BBB
-fat is converted to ketone bodies (acetone,acetoacetate)
-ketone bodies can pass BBB - Hormone during absorptive state
- Insulin
- Hormones during Post-Absorptive State
-
Glucogon-maintain blood sugar lvl
Epinephrine-mobilizes stored energy
Norepinephrine-mobilizes stored energy - Hormones that effect water and blood pressure balance in the body
-
Cortisol-blood pressure
Aldosterone- blood and water
ADH- water - Where are the reproductive hormones made and what controls their production?
-
Testosterone-testes,interstitial cells
Luteinizing Hormone-
eggs and sperm,anterior pituitary
Progesterone-corpus luteum,ovulation
hCG-placenta,pregnancy
Estrogen-ovaries/testes,secondary sex characteristics
Follicle Stimulating Hormone-
pituitary gland,egg and sperm production - Features of the ovarian cycle
-
oogonia-atem cell
3-7 months pass
primary oocyte-primary foll.
puberty
primary oocyte-prim foll.-pub
primary oocyte-secondary foll
secondary oocyte-tertiary fol - Uterine Cycle
-
Menses(1-5 days)
Proliferative Phase (6-14)
Secretory (15-28) - Fertilization
-
Fertilization
sperm-->oocyte
Capacitaion
sperm activation sperm-->seminal fluid
Sperm Travel
vagina-->ampulla - Pregnacy
- semen->vagina->cervix->uterus->uterine tube-> oocyte->corona radiata/zona pellucida->egg nucleus
- Lactation
- secretions are emptied into lactiferous duct which leads to nipple
- Menopause
- ovaries stop producing eggs, her body produces less estrogen and progesterone, and menstruation becomes less frequent, eventually stopping altogether.