Vertebrate Anatomy - Test III
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- fluid component and ground substance of blood
- plasma
-
formed elements of blood
1) erthrocytes... contain?
2) leucocytes
3) fibrous cell -
1) red blood cells
2) white blood cells
3) platelets - TF: All vertebrate RBCs are nucleate.
- F, mammal RBCs are anucleate
- What are some functions of the circulatory system?
-
- respiration
- disease protection
- nutrition
- excretion
- thermal control
- osmotic balance
- hormone transport -
Vessels that carry blood:
1) toward the heart
2) away from the heart -
1) veins
2) arteries - Name the two circulatory structures with one-way valves.
- heart, veins
- This structure shunts blood to appropriate locations, increasing or decreasing gas exchange to an organ
- precapillary sphincters
- What embryonic tissue forms the primitive heart?
- splanchnic mesoderm (from the hypomere)
- What is the pulsing of the cellular heart called?
- cardiogenic contraction
- Receiving chamber for blood entering the heart
- sinus venosus
- Valves occuring after the ventricle
- semilunar valves
-
Taxonomic heart chambers:
1) fish
2) amphibians
3) reptiles
4) birds/mammals -
1) 2
2) 3
3) ~3.5
4) 4 - Component of heart that contracts in a squeezing motion
- spiral musculature
- What is the difference between single and double circuit cirulatory systems?
- Double circuit systems include a pulmonary loop from the heart to the gas exchange location, then back to the heart before leaving for the body.
- This structure in crocodiles functions while diving. Name it and describe its function.
- The foramen of panizza shunts blood to body rather than lungs while diving to reduce waste of excess circuit length.
- This nerve center is the pacemaker of the heart and supplies the _______ with synchronized beat instructions.
- sinoatrial node, atrium
- This secondary ciculatory nerve center relays the original signal to the ventricle of the heart via ______ fibers.
- atrioventricular node, Purkinje
- These paired arteries supply the anterior appendages.
- iliac arteries
- These unpaired arteries supply the digestive tract.
- celiac, anterior and posterior mesenteric
-
In mammals and birds, which embryonic aortic arches supply the following vessels?
1) carotid
2) aortic
3) pulmonary -
1) 3
2) 4 (L in mammals, R in birds)
3) 6 - In reptiles, the posterior cardinal vein is reduced to small ______ veins.
- azygous
- The embryonic umbilical vein is reduced to this after birth.
- falciform ligament
- The ductus arteriosus bridges the _____ and ________ systems and is reduced to the _______ after birth.
- pulmonary, systemic, libamentum arteriosum
- This embryological gap between the right and left atria is called ______ ______ and is reduced to the _______ _______ after birth.
- foramen oval, fossa ovalis
- Interstitial body fluid is collectively termed:
- lymph
- This is the name for lymph collected in intestinal villi.
- chyle
- Lymphatics terminate in a _______ vein.
- systemic
- What kinds of fluids are exchanged in capillary beds.
- proteins, lipids, salts
- This vessel structure is a bundle of arteries and veins in close proximity. What is its name and function?
- rete, uses countercurrent exchange for oxygen storage and temperature control
- This is the technical name for platelets.
- thrombocytes
- These cells are precursors of the body's blood cells. Name and location?
- hemocytoblasts; liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue)
- What is the initial source of hemocytoblasts?
- blood islands of the yolk sac
- Chart the basic path through a fish's single-circuit heart system.
- sinus venosus --> atrium --> ventricle --> conus arteriosus --> ventral aorta --> aortic arches
- Which animals have a double circuit circulatory system?
- lung breathing vertebrates (right heart receives, left pumps out)
- What are some methods of avoiding mixing oxygen-rich and poor blood in the heart?
-
- spiral valve (for 1 ventricle)
- ventricular septa
- total separation (croc, birds and mammals) - The sinus venosus is remnant as what structure in birds and mammals?
- the sinoatrial node
- The swelling of the ventral aorta in teleosts and perennibranchiate urodeles is called what?
- bulbus arteriosus
- In the crocodile, the paired dorsal aorta between arches 3 and 4 is called the...
- dorsus caroticus
- Embryonic subintestinal and vitelline veins are part of what system?
- the hepatic portal system
- Allantoic (umbilical) veins drain the:
- allantois or placenta
- What portal system is absent mammals?
- renal portal system
- What type of waste does the urinary system remove?
- nitrogenous (ammonia); it also maintains the body's water and electrolyte balance
- Name the three methods of urinary elimination, the end product, and the animals in which each exists.
-
1) ammonotelism - ammonia (fish)
2) ureotelism - urea (mammals)
3) uricotelism - uric acid (birds, reptiles) - Embryonic kidney cells are called:
- nephrotomes
- The embryonic _____, or pre-kidney, is drained by the ________ duct.
- pronephros, archinephric duct
- What is the name of the hypothetical ancient kidney and its characteristics?
- archinephros; external glomeruli, simple, metameric tubules, and nephrostomes
- The ________, caudal to the mesonephros, uses remaining pronephric ducts, is functional in adult _______ and ________, and is temporary in _________.
- metanephros; fish; amphibians; amniotes (the opistonephros)
- The mesonephric tubules invade the testis to become the __________, which conduct sperm and is present in amniotes as the __________.
- vasa efferentia; vas deferens
- The collective term for the glomerulus and capusle is...
- renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule)
- The combined renal corpuscle and attached tubule form a _________.
- nephron
- These structures are essential arterial retia that filter water and solutes from the blood.
- glomeruli
- Glomerulus tubules converge into the _________ ____.
- longitudinal duct
- This kidney structure allows for the resorption of excess fluid and materials taken into the kidney.
- Loop of Henle
- This specialized bone allows for water and heat regulation while breathing.
- turbinate bone (nasal)
- An undifferentiated gonad develops from this embryonic structure.
- genital ridge
- This duct, degenerate in females, is derived from the archinephric duct and becomes the vas deferens in males.
- Wolffian duct
- This duct is degenerate in males and become the oviduct in females.
- Mullerian duct
- The maturing follicle in the ovary is the:
- Graafian follicle
- A healing ruptured follicle is called the ____ ______. Full healed, it becomes a ______ _____.
- corpus luteum; corpus albicans
- TF: The genital ridge is lateral to the nephric ridge.
- False. It is medial.
- The white covering on the embryonic gonads the ______ _____.
- tunica albuginea
- Trace the route of sperm from the testes in males.
- seminiferous tubules --> efferent ductules --> epididymis --> vas deferents --> urethra
- Name the three structures that add additional components to semen.
- seminal vescicles, Cowper's glands, prostate gland
- Spermato- and oo- genesis are controlled by this hormone.
- follicle stimulating hormone, FSH
- This is a technical term for the onset of reproductive readiness.
- recrudescence
- The ability of the male to engage in copulation is called?
- potency
- Name some copulatory organs:
-
- gonopodium
- ovipositor
- clasper
- hemipenis
- penis - The common chamber that receives products from the kidneys, intestines, and gonads, is the _____ and its opening called the ____.
- cloaca; vent
- The (location) compartment of the cloaca into which the 1) intestine 2) urinary duct 3) reproductive tract empties is the...
-
1) proximal, coprodeum
2) medial, urodeum
3) distal, proctodeum - Name the folds that separate the component areas of the cloaca:
-
1) rectocoprodeal
2) coprourodeal
3) uroproctodeal - Which group of animals have a bifid penis and a divided uterus?
- marsupials
- The period of time from conception to hatching is called:
- gestation
- The developmental suspension of a fertilized embryo is called:
- embryonic diapause
- The 1)fast and 2)slow control mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis are:
-
1) nervous
2) endocrine - What are the chemical components of hormones?
- peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins, steroids, or amines (few)
- Peptide hormones are produced by which embryonic tissues?
- ectoderm and endoderm
- Steroid hormones are produced by which embryonic tissue?
- mesoderm
- This type of hormone-releasing structure communicates locally through diffusion into interstitial tissue.
- paracrine cland
- What are the two ways a hormone can affect a cell?
- by entering directly or by binding to the plasma membrane, which signals a sequence of actions
- Name the primary endocrine glands.
-
- pineal
- hypothalamus, pituitary
- thyroid/parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- islet cells of pancreas
- ovary and testis - Where is the pineal gland located?
- the roof of the midbrain
- This hormone is secreted by the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythms and inhibits the release of MSH and gonadotropins.
- melatonin
- The nerves that inform the pineal gland originate from:
- the eyes
- Melotonin is the precurser to this hormone.
- serotonin
- The pituitary gland is located:
- beneath the brain
- This ventral outrgrowth of the diencephalon of the brain becomes part of the pituitary.
- infundibulum (stalk)
- A diverticulum from the stomodeum in the brain form's ______ _______, a part of the pituitary.
- Rathke's pouch
- The 1) posterior 2) anterior part of the pituitary is called the...
-
1) neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)
2) adenohypophysis - The cleft between the two parts of the pituitary is called what?
- pars intermedia
- As we look along the phylogenetic "tree," what is the pattern of the pituitary?
- reduced function
- The ______ portal system is the liason between the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
- hypophyseal
- These specialized cells communicate with the pituitary gland by secretions.
- neurosecretory cells
- What two hormones does the neurohypophysis produce?
- anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin
- Name the 7 hormones that the adenohypophysis produces.
-
- growth hormone
- FSH
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- prolactin
- endorphins - TF: The neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis use separate blood supplies.
- True.
- This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland.
- thyrotropic hormone
- This hormone controls the relazse of liver somatomedin.
- growth-stimulating hormone (GSH)
- These two hormones regulate metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction. Where are they made and what are their names?
- thyroid gland; thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4), and triiodothyronine, T2
- This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce adrenaline.
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- This hormone promotes the development of ovarian follicles and sperm.
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- This hormone develops the corpus luteum from a follicle and is used for the production of progersterone and testosterone.
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- This hormone affects osmoregulation in fishese, in addition to maternal behavior and silk synthesis (mammals)
- prolactin