Attention
Terms
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- the (inferior/superior) _______ cortex may be particularly involved in spatial selective attention. a lesion here may result in _________.
- inferior parietal cortex; hemineglect
- the _______ cortex may be particularly important in response selection, sustained attention, control, switching and searching
- frontal cortex
- this area of the frontal region may be particularly involved in response initiation and inhibition
- orbital frontal region
- the ____ aspect of the frontal lobe (specifically, the para____ _______ cortex) may be particularly involved in intention to respond, consistency of responding, focused attention
- medial frontal lobe; paralimbic cingulate cortex
- the _________ frontal cortex may be particularly involved in sequencing, persistence, switching, and focus
- dorsolateral frontal cortex
- the _____ _______ helps to establish the salience/priority of incoming stimuli
- limbic system
- subcortically, sensory input is relayed through the _______; the ______ ________ helps to select motor responses and to select/coordinate _______ information
- thalamus, caudate nucleus, sensory
- the ______ system regulates arousal and activation
- midbrain (reticular activing system)
- inferiorly and posteriorly, the _______ may also be implicated in attentional disorders
- cerebellum
- name the 3 factors in Pibram & McGuinness's model of attention:
- arousal, activation, effort
- Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation involves the ______
- ARAS-- ascending reticular activation system
- Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation has (specific/global) influence on attention, (with/without) selectivity for particular sensory & cognitive domains.
- global, without
- Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation involves arousal and the passage of ____ information through the _____ to the cortex.
- sensory, thalamus
- Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation includes the r____________ (10 syllables) pathway
- reticulothalamocortical; recall that this pathway involves the reticular formation, thalamus, and cortex
- Mesulam's "top down" model of attention modulation involves the _____ lobe, _____ system, and the _____ cortex (in which a lesion can lead to hemi-preference)
- parietal, limbic, prefrontal
- Mesulam's "top down" model of attention modulation includes regulation of our experiences of m______ (esp. the limbic system), s______, v____, and c_____
- motivation, significance, volition, context
- the ________ cortex and the posterior ______ cortex are involved in nearly all attentional tasks regardless of type
- prefrontal, posterior parietal
- involved with "bottom up" and "top down" regulation of attention, there are systems that modulate attention by ____ or _____, e.g. processing of sounds, colors, tactile stimuli, faces, memories etc.
- domain, modality
- in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the 3 major functions are _____ing to stimuli (involutary), ______ing signals for focal processing (vol.), and maintaining a ______/______ state
- orienting, detecting, vigilant/alert
- in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the posterior attention system involves _____ing and awareness of the environment. the dorsal ____ pathway and primary cortical connections to the _____ lobe are involved.
- orienting, visual, parietal
- in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the anterior attention system involves _____ detection, and regions including the anterior ______ gyrus and the supplementary _____ cortex.
- signal, cingulate, motor
- engaging with stimuli involves the _____ of the thalamus
- pulvinar
- disengaging with stimuli involves the posterior ___ region of the cortex
- parietal
- shifting the focus of one's attention involves the superior c________
- colliculus
- Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The first factor involves ______, or the ability to concentrate attn. resources & screen out distractors. this ability is thought to involve the superior ____ and inferior
- focus, temporal, parietal
- Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The second factor involves ______ing, or staying on task with vigilance, maintaining attn. over time. this involves the rostral _______.
- midbrain
- Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The third factor involves ______ing, or changing focus b/w aspects of a stimulus flexibly. this involves the _______ cortex and ______association areas
- shifting, prefrontal cortex, frontal association areas
- Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The fourth factor involves ______ing, or holding info in mind briefly while performing a mental operation on it (like the common defintion of working memory). this function was
- encoding, hippocampus, amygdala
- Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The fifth factor involves _______,the quality of maintaining reliable attentional effort. this involves the midline _______ and _________ structures.
- thalamic, brainstem
- maintaining mental set in the face of distractors describes _____ attention, while processing two+ sets of info. at once refers to ______ attention
- selective attention, divided attention
- Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 1st of 4 factors is "sensory selective attention". this involves selecting sensory input for additional _______ and ______ing.
- focus and processing
- Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 2nd of 4 factors is "attentional capacity and focus". this refers to _____ed attention and is influenced by _______ factors and _______ factors
- focused; "energetic factors" such as arousal, motivation and effort; "structural facotrs" e.g. memory, proc. speed, cog. ability
- Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 3rd of 4 factors involves _______ attention which is variable within each person and is depends on task duration, reinforcement, and target:distractor ratio.
- sustained
- Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 4th of 4 factors is ________ selection and c______. this process facilitates action, is controlled and effortful, and is strongly associated with a number of _______ f________s
- response control; executive functions
- two methodological issues in assessing attention are the fact that attention is not u_______, and the fact that many tests load on _______ d______s. attentional capacity is usually assessed by comparing performance across tasks that load on different ___
- unitary; multiple (or different) domains; cognitive
- many test factors should be considered when examining attention. for example, what are the s_____ characteristics of the task? energy may be influenced by t____ factors. in terms of motivation, consider the task's r______e or its r_____ value.
- spatial characteristics; temporal factors; relevance or reward value
- other relevant test factors in assessing attention included the degree to which it draws on _____, _____ functioning, and ________ speed.
- memory, executive functioning, processing speed
- individual factors that may influence attention assessment include level of e______, e____, m______, and general c_____ ability, as well as the person's m_____ state
- energy, effort, motivation, cognitive ability, mood state
- anterior lesions/dysfunction may affect g_____- d_______ activity, while posterior lesions/dysfunction may affect a______ of the e________.
- goal-directedness; awareness of the environment
- impairment in attention ranks as the (_nd/__rd) most common form of cognitive impairment.
- this was phrased in a misleading way. it is THE most common.
- disorders of attention may be due to many factors. they may be due to factors that are f_____/g____ , m______, or e______, among others.
- familial/genetic, metabolic, environmental
- 1st degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia are disproportionately found to have deficits in _______ _______.
- sustained attention
- Mirsky found that (visual/auditory) CPTs are more sensitive than (auditory/visual) CPTs in assessing dysfunction in individuals with sz, absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
- auditory CPTs more sensitive than visual CPTs
- metabolic disorders that affect attention include u_____ from end-stage ______ failure
- uremia, kidney
- Metabolic d/o's and attention: early treated P___ may lead a pt. to receive an ADHD dx due to problems in attn., impulsivity, distractibility, and impersistence.
- PKU
- environmental factors that may negatively affect attentional capacity include lack of early _____; poverty-associated ______; exposure to ____; prenatal exposure to _____, and/or pregnancy/birth complications
- intellectual stimulation; malnutrition; lead; alcohol
- In addition to TBI, tumors, and infections, disorders of s______ and b_____ may negatively affect attentional capacity. S_____ a_____ may lead to poor attention/concentration in adults, and ________ in children. Cognitive difficulties may result not only
- sleep, breathing, hyperactivity, sleepiness, hypoxemia
- One form of attentional disorder is the acute c________ state. This involves an abrupt change in ______ status.
- confusional; mental
- Acute confusional states may be caused by t______ or m________ disorders, environmental stressors, or m_____ brain disease, e.g. meningitis, encephalitis.
- toxic, metabolic, multifocal
- TBI in the acute phase involves 3 primary features. The first is disturbance of v_________ and w_______ m___________, as well as distractibility.
- vigilance, working memory
- The second feature in the acute phase of TBI is the inability to maintain a _____ of ________.
- stream of thought
- The third feature in the acute phase of TBI is the inability to carry out _____-_________ m___________.
- goal-directed movement
- Numerous factors may complicate assessment with pts who have had a severe TBI. This include not only inattention with poor m______ c____, c______, and v_______, but also distractibility and possible disorientation.
- mental control, concentration, vigilance
- Other cognitive problems that may complicate assessment in TBI include loss of m_____, the possible presence of h________, and abnormal ________ levels.
- memory (motivation could also be appropriate here), hallucinations, arousal
- N_______ syndromes are disorders of s______ attention which generally result from inferior or posterior _______ cortex lesions.
- Neglect, spatial, parietal
- Two components of spatial attention are ______-_____, or using visual-spatial information to facilitate body movements, and ________. The latter involves mental representation, planning strategies, and willfully shifting from a target.
- sensory-motor, cognitive
- In what domain(s) do/does may the neglect phenomenon occur?
- often visual, but can also involve auditory, somatosensory, or olfactory stimuli.
- Barkley has defined ADD/ADHD as a disorder of ______ _______, behavioral _______, and e_______ ____________.
- sustained attention, inhibition, executive functions
- ADD/ADHD is largely a ______ diagnosis. While measures are generally _______, they are not as ______ as would be ideal. ADD/ADHD measures discriminate pts. from _____ more successfully than from individuals with other _______, such as learning disorders.
- behavioral, sensitive, specific, "normals", diagnoses
- Regions that have been implicated in ADD/ADHD include fronto-_________ pathways and the cerebellum. Compromise in the integrity of the _____ _____ lobe may additionally be present in inattentive ADD.
- subcortical, right parietal