FA: Embryology
Terms
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- when: fertilization by sperm, embryogenesis starts
- day 1
- when: implantation as a blastocyst
- during week 1
- when: bilaminar disk
- during week 2
- when: gastrulation
- during week 3
- when: primitive streak, notochord and neural plate start to form
- during week 3
- when: neural tube formed, organogenesis, and high risk to teratogens
- weeks 3-8
- when: heart beats, upper and lower limb buds start forming
- week 4
- when: genitalia have male/female characteristics
- week 10
-
what's the right order?
blastocyst, morula, gastrula...? -
morula: ball of cells
blastocyst: hollow
gastrulation: infolding - what development happens right over the notochord?
-
neural plate
-> neural crest
-> neural tube - surface ectoderm ->
-
ALEE
Adenohypophysis
Lens of eye
Epithelial linings
Epidermis - neuroectoderm ->
-
PONCA
Pineal gland
Oligodendrocytes
Neurohypophysis
CNS neurons
Astrocytes - neural crest cells ->
-
CPADS CLO CEM
Celiac gangion
Pia
ANS
DRG (dorsal root ganglion)
Schwann cells
C cells of thyroid
Laryngeal cartilage
Odontoblasts
Chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla)
Enterochromaffin cells
Melanocytes - mesoderm ->
-
Serous linings of body cavities (eg. peritoneal)
Dura connective tissue
Muscle
Bone
CV structures
Lymphatics
Blood
Spleen
Urogenital structures
Adrenal cortex - endoderm ->
-
Gut tube epithelium and derivatives:
Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Thymus
Thyroid
Parathyroid - notochord ->
-
induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (ie. neural plate)
only postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk - what is the rule of 2's for the 2nd week?
-
2 germ layers
2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac
2 placenta components: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast - what is the rule of 3's for the 3rd week?
-
3 germ layers (gastrula):
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm - how is the primitive streak formed? what is developed from the primitive streak?
-
epiblast (ectoderm precursor) invaginates to form the primitive streak
primitive streak becomes the intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm - teratogen: ACE inhibitor
- renal damage
- teratogen: cocaine
- abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
- teratogen: DES
- vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
- teratogen: iodide
- congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
- teratogen: 13-cis-retinoic acid
- extremely high risk for birth defects
- teratogen: thalidomide
- limb defects ("flipper" limbs)
- teratogen: warfarin, x-rays
- multiple anomalies
- monozygotic twins
-
2 amniotic sacs
1 chorion
1 placenta - dizygotic (fraternal)
-
2 amniotic sacs
2 chorions
2 placentas
sometimes the monozygote can present this way - order of fetal hematopoiesis?
-
1. Yolk sac (3-8 wks)
2. Liver (6-30 wks)
3. Spleen (9-28 wks)
4. Bone marrow (28- wks)
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood - what are the structures in the umbilical cord?
-
2 arteries
1 vein
1 alantoic duct
Wharton's jelly
amniotic epithelium
(if there's only 1 artery, there are congenital and chromosomal anomalies) - truncus arteriosus becomes...
- ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
- bulbus cordis becomes...
- smooth parts of left and right ventricle
- primitive ventricle becomes..
- trabeculated parts of L and R ventricle
- primitive atria become...
- trabeculated L and R atrium
- L horn of sinus venosus becomes...
- coronary sinus
- R horn of sinus venosus becomes...
- smooth part of R atrium
- R common cardinal vein and R anterior cardinal vein become...
- superior vena cava
- how saturated is blood in umbilical vein?
- ~80%
- how does blood get to fetal heart and then where does it go?
-
umbilical vein
ductus venosus
IVC
most goes through foramen ovale
aorta
head circulation - how does the deoxygenated blood from the SVC travel?
-
SVC
RA
RV
pulm artery
ductus arteriosus
descending aorta
umbilical arteries - at birth, increased oxygen at the ductus arteriosus causes what to happen?
- inhibit prostaglanding release and the ductus closes
- 1st aortic arch derivative...
- part of MAXillary artery
- 2nd aortic arch derivative...
-
Stapedial artery and hyoid artery
Stapedial is Second - 3rd aortic arch derivative...
-
Common Carotid and proximal part of internal Carotid
C is third letter of alphabet - 4th aortic arch derivative...(L and R sides!)
-
L: aortic arch
R: proximal part of subclavian artery
4th -> 4 limbs (systemic circ) - 6th aortic arch derivative...
- proximal part of pulm arteries and the ductus arteriosus (on L)
- umbilical vein becomes...
- ligamentum teres hepatis
- umbilical arteries become...
- medial umbilical ligaments
- ductus arteriosus becomes...
- ligamentum arteriosum
- ductus venosus becomes...
- ligamentum venosum
- foramen ovale becomes...
- fossa ovalis
- allaNtois becomes...
- urachus or mediaN umbilical ligament
- notochord becomes...
- nucleus pulposus
- branchial apparatus: what are the origins of the clefts, arches and pouches?
-
CAP
C: Cleft -> ectoderm
A: Arch -> mesoderm and neural crests
P: Pouch -> endoderm - does arch 5 make any major developmental contributions?
- NO
- branchial arch 1 derivatives?
-
Meckel's cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament
Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatani
Nerve: CN V3 - branchial arch 2 derivatives?
-
Reichert's cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
Nerve: VII - branchial arch 3 derivatives?
-
cartilage: greater horn of hyoid
Muscle: stylopharyngeus
Nerve: CN IX
glossoPHARYNGEAL nerve supplies the styloPHARYNGEUS - branchial arches 4 and 6 derivatives?
-
Cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
Muscles of 4th arch: most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatani
Muscles of 6th arch: all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
Nerve: 4th arch (CN X) and 6th arch (CN X, recurrent laryngeal branch) - arch 1 derivative innervation?
- CN V2 and V3
- arch 2 innervation?
- CN VII
- arch 3 innervation?
- CN IX
- arch 4 and 6 innervation?
- CN X
- 1st brachial cleft develops into...
- external auditory meatus
- 2nd through 4th clefts develop into...
- temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated by 2nd arch mesenchyme
- what can a persistent cervical sinus lead to?
- branchial cyst in the neck
- anterior 2/3 of tongue is formed by what branchial arch? innervation?
-
1st arch
sensation: V3
taste: VII - posterior 1/3 of tongue is formed by what branchial arch? innervation?
-
3rd and 4th arches
sensation and taste mostly: IX
extreme posterior: X - motor innervation of the tongue?
- XII
- what 3 nerves contribute to tongues ability to taste?
- VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus)