Bio Regulation Chap.
Terms
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- regulation
- the process by which cells and organisms respond to changes within and around them
- what body systems control and regulate the body?
- nervous and endocrine systems
- nerve regulatione example
- move your hand off a hot stove wwithout thinking
- 3 parts of nerve regulation
- the stimulus, the response, and the impulse
- stimulus and example
-
a specific change in the environment that affects the nervous system
ex. heat of the stove - response and ex.
-
a reaction to the stimulus
ex. quickly removing your hand from the stove - impulse
- an electrical or chemical message that is carried by nerve cells--transferred to the central nervous system, and the CNS then sorts ut and interprets the incoming impulses. the impulse is then sent to organs or glands. these organs and glands provide certain responses to these impulses
- 2 parts of the human nervous system
-
1) central nervous system
2) peripheral nervous system - central nervous system
- includes the brain and the spinal cord
- peripjeral nervous system
- made up of the nerves that lie outside the central nervous system--carries impulses to and from the central nervous system
- nerve cell
- basic unit of the nervous system
- neurons
- another name for nerve cells
- what do nerve cells do?
- receive impulses and send them to various body parts--make up the structure of the nerves, brain, spinal cord, andr eceptors
- what is a nerve cell made up of?
- a cell body, dentrites, and an axon
- cell body/cyton
- contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
- ganglia
- groups of cell bodies
- what do the ganglia do?
- coordinate incoming and outgoing impulses
- where are dentrities and axons located?
- they extend from the cell body
- dentrites
- branches parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons or sense organs--the impulses are then sent to the body
- axon
- single, long fiber that carries impulses away from the body cells
- how many dentrites and axons does a neuron have
- many dentrities but one axon
- synapse
- space between the dentrites of one neruon and the axon of anotjeer where impluses cross by means of chemical transmitters
- nerve
- a bundle of neurons or parts of neurons held together by a tough protective membrane
- 3 different kinds of nerves
- sensory neurons, motor neurons, and mixed neurons
- sensory neurons
- carry impulses to the central nervous system
- motor neurons
- carry impulses from the central nervous system to various body parts such as muscles or glands
- mixed nerves
- contain both sensory and motor fibers
- what can a nerve be compared to?
- a telephone cable line carrying messages to and from your home
- brain
- major control center of the body
- where is the brain located
- in the head in an area called the cranial cavity
- what surrounds and protects the brain?
- the bones of the skull
- 3 parts of the brain
- cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla
- cerebrum
- the center of thiking, memory, emotions, sensroy impulse interpretation, and all voluntary actitivty. it is the largest part of the brain--used when you take a test
- cerebellum
- responsible for the coordination of muscles and is the center of balance
- affect of alcohol on the cerebellum
- reduces the ability of teh cerebellum to coordinate msucle activity--results in slurred speech and unbalanced walking
- medulla/brain stem
- the center of respiration, ,heartbeat, and other involuntary activities. Controls all activities of your body that you cannot control such as breathing and peristalsis
- spinal cord
- tubular mass of nerve cells that extends from the brain stem downward through the center of the spinal column.
- vertebrae of the spinal column/backbone
- surrounds and protects the spinal cord
- what does the spinal cord do?
- it relays impulses to and from the brain and is the center of some reflex actions
- paralysis
- caused by severe damage to the spinal cord--results in loss of feeling and msucle funcction in the lower parts of the body---occurs becuase impulses to a and from the lower body muscles cannot be transmitted to the brain
- receptors
- special structures that are sensitive to stimuli--receive messages
- sense organs
- external receptors that include the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin
- what are some stimuli for sense organs?
- light, sound, chemicals, and temperature and pressure changes
- internal receptors
- located in the internal organs and allow the brain to detect hunger, thirst, muscle position, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
- behavior
- total response of an organism to a stimuli
- involuntary behavior
- occurs automatically without conscious control, can be inborn or learned
- examples of inborn involuntary behavior
- contraction of heart and diaphragm muslces, secretion of glands, and simple replexes such as the knee jerk and iris movement
- involuntary actions that are acquired through repetition
- writing one's name, riding a bike, and playing a musical instrument
- reflex
- an example of involuntary behavior that is an inborn response to a particular stimulus. nerve impulses travel in a set pathway called a replex arc
- what is the path an impulse follows in a reflex arc
- receptor-->sensory neuron-->interneuron-->motor neuron-->effector
- detailed path in a reflex arc
-
receptors receive the message
the sensory neuron passes along the message to the spinal cord
the interneuron connects the sensory neruon with the motor neuron. the motor neuron sends the message to the muscle in the leg called the effctor, which does something - why is the reflex arc a short cut for nerve impulses?
- you dont have to think about a reflex so it doesntgo on the path all the way up to the brain, like blinking is automatic
- voluntary behavior
- requires thinking; impulses start in the brain and are carried by nerve cells to muslces or glands. the muslces or glands respond in a certain way.
- meningitis
- nervous system disorder --inflammation of membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord--causes by bacteria--symptoms include headache and stiffness of neck--antiobiotic treatment
- cerebral palsy
- group of birth disorders characterized by disturbances of the motor functions. crippling disorder with no treatment
- polio
- nervous system idsorder--viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis--prevented by immunization
- euphoria
- a feeling of well-being created by some drugs that affect the central nervous system
- inhibitions`
- caused by drugs that affect the CNS--an inability to stop doing something that a person would not normally do
- tolerance
- result of some drugs that affect the CNS when taken continually for a few weeks--means that increasingly larger amounts are needed to get the desired effect
- stimulation
- feelings of excitement and high energy caused by some drugs
- physical dependence
- addiction resulted from drugs--when the drug is withheld, the addict suffers physical illness and withdrawal symptoms
- drugs that affect the nervous system
-
-alcohol
-cocaine
-amphetamines
-heroin
-morphine
-caffeine
-nicotine
-LSD
_marijuna