acid base pathology
Terms
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- What is the primary disturbance in Metabolic acidosis?
- a decrease in bicarbonate
- What is the compensation?
- increased excretion of bicarb by the kidney
- What are common causes?
- diabetic ketoacidosis (production of ketone acids), diarrhea (loss of GI bicarb), salisylate overdose, acetazoleamide (diuretic) OD, lactic acidosis, renal failure (can't excrete organic acids), ethylene glycol ingestion
- What is the primary disturbance in respiratory acidosis?
- A build-up in CO2
- What are some common causes?
- hyperventilation, high altitude, pneumonia and pulmonary embolus (hypoxemia causes hyperventilation_
- What is the primary disturbance in metabolic alkalosis?
- increased bicarbonate
- What is the primary disturbance in respiratory alkalosis?
- A drop in CO2
- What is the Henderson Haselbach equation?
- pH = pKa + Log (HCO3-)/(.03*pCO2)
- Is there an awesome graph on page 277 that you should know?
- Yes
- Low pH, low pCO2 (low HCO3-)
- metabolic acidosis
- Low pH, high pCO2 (high HCO3-)
- chronic respiratory acidosis
- High pH, low pC02 (low HC03-)
- acute respiratory alkalosis
- High pH, high pCO2 (high HCO3-)
- metabolic alkalosis
- pH < 7.4
- acidosis
- pH > 7.4
- alkalosis
- Within acidosis: P (CO2) > 40
- Respiratory acidosis
- Within acidosis: Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation
- HYPO
- Within acidosis: Causes
- chronic lung disease, Acute lung disesae; Drugs (opioids, narcotics, sedatives); Weakening of Resp. muscles
- Within acidosis: P (CO2) < 40
- Metabolic acidosis with compensation
- Within acidosis: What should you do next?
- Check Anion Gap
- Within acidosis: What is the normal anion gap?
- 8-12 mEq/L
- Within acidosis: Increased Anion Gap - 4 Causes
- Renal Failure; Lactic acidosis; Ketoacidosis; Aspirin ingestion
- Within acidosis: Normal anion gap (4)
- Diarrhea; Sniffin' Glue; Renal Tubular acidosis; Hyperchloremia
- pH > 7.4 pH > 7.4
- alkalosis
- pH > 7.4 pCO2 < 40
- Respiratory alkalosis
- pH > 7.4 Causes (2)
- HYPERventilation; aspirin ingestion (early)
- pH > 7.4 pCO2 > 40
- metabolic alkalosis w/ compensation
- pH > 7.4 Causes (4)
- vomiting; diuretic use; antacid use; hyperALDOsteronism
- Anion gap acidosis: How do you calculate it
- Na - Cl - HCO3
- Anion gap acidosis: What is normal?
- 8-12 mEq/L
- Anion gap acidosis: What is the mnemonic
- MUD PILES
- Anion gap acidosis: M
- Methanol
- Anion gap acidosis: U
- Uremia
- Anion gap acidosis: D
- DKA
- Anion gap acidosis: P
- Paraldehyde or Phenformin
- Anion gap acidosis: I
- Iron tablets or INH
- Anion gap acidosis: L
- Lactic Acidosis
- Anion gap acidosis: E
- Ethanol, Ethylene Glycol
- Anion gap acidosis: S
- Salicylates
- Acid Base Compensations: Metabolic acidosis
- pCO2 = 1.5(HCO3) + 8 +/- 2
- Acid Base Compensations: Metabolic alkalosis
- pCO2 increases 0.7 mm Hg per 1 mEq/L HCO3 increase
- Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory acidosis (acute)
- HCO3 increases by 1 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg increase of pCO2
- Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory acidosis (chronic)
- HCO3 increases by 3.5 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg increase of pCO2
- Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory alkalosis (acute)
- HCO3 decreases by 2 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg decrease of pCO2
- Acid Base Compensations: Respiratory alkalosis (chronic)
- HCO3 decreases by 5 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg decrease of pCO2