Abnormal - DOs first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
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- What IQ level is Mild Mental Retardation?
- 50-55 to 70
- What IQ level is Mod Mental Retardation?
- 35-40 to 50-55
- What IQ level is Severe Mental Retardation?
- 20-25 to 35-40
- What IQ level is Profound Mental Retardation?
- below 20-25
- What is the greatest cause of MR?
- Early alterations of embryonic development.
- In one study, using early stimulation and training, what proportion of MR children moved into the mildly retarded range?
- 1/3
- What % of MR is due to early alterations of embryonic dvpt?
- 30%
- How many diagnostic categories are there on the DSM-IV?
- 16
- What are the 3 diagnostic criteria for MR?
-
1) Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ score of approx. 70 or below)
2) Concurrent deficits or impairments in adapative functioning in at least 2 areas
3) Onset prior to age 18 - What % of MR is due to heredity?
- 5%
- What % of MR is due to pregnancy and perinatal probs?
- 10%
- What % of MR is due to environmtal factors and other mental DOs?
- 15 to 20%
- Using early stimulation and training, what % of children with MR in one study had IQ scores that were raised to 70 and above?
- 5%
- What % of MR is due to general medical conditions during infancy or childhood?
- 5%
- Etiology of MR is unknown in _____ of cases?
- 30 to 40%
- What are 3 examples of heredity implicated in MR?
-
Tay-Sachs
Fragile X syndrome
PKU - What are 2 early alterations of embryonic dvpt implicated in MR?
-
Down Syndrome
Damage due to toxins - What are 3 pregnancy and perinatal problems implicated in MR?
-
Fetal malnutrition
Anoxia
HIV - What are 3 general medical conditions during infancy or childhood implicated in MR?
-
Lead poisoning
Encephalitis
Malnutrition - What environmental factors and other mental DOs are implicated in MR?
- Deprivation of nurturance or stimulation
- What percentage of MR is due to Down Syndrome?
- 10 to 30%
- What level of MR is caused by PKU?
- Mod to profound
- What level of MR is caused by Down Syndrome?
- Mod to severe
- What IQ level is Borderline Intellectual Functioning?
- 71 to 84
- If there are substantial deficits in adapative functioning, what IQ level could a person with MR have?
- 71 to 75
- What is the range of IQ scores that ppl w/ Learning DOs typically have?
- Average to Above Average range
- What is the most frequent comorbid DO for those with Learning DO?
- ADHD
- What % of those with Learning DO have ADHD?
- 20 to 25%
- How much worse is the school dropout rate for adolescents w/ Learning DOs?
- 1.5 times average
- At what age does stuttering typically begin?
- 2 to 7
- How much more common is stuttering in males than females?
- 3 times
- In what % of cases does stuttering remit spontaneously by the time the child is 16?
- 60%
- How many characteristic symptoms are req'd for dx of Autistic DO? Name the categories.
-
6 characteristic sxs
i.e., 2 from category 1 (impairmt in social interaction)
1 from category 2 (impairment in commun.)
1 from category 3 (restricted, repetitive, stereotyped beh, ints, and activities) - At what age does autism develop?
- Before age 3
- What proportion of autistic individuals remain mute throughout their lives?
- 1/2
- What % of people with Autistic DO are mentally retarded?
- 75%
- Autism is _____ times more common in males than females.
- 4 to 5
- What proportion of autistic individuals achieve some degree of partial independence as adults?
- 1/3
- Name the 3 factors associated with best outcome for autistic indivs.
-
1) ability to commun. verbally by age 5 or 6
2) IQ over 70
3) later onset of sxs - What % of autistic indivs have EEG abnormalities?
- 40 to 65%
- What % of autistic indivs have epilepsy?
- 20 to 35%
- Which NTs are found to be at an abnormal level in autistic indivs?
-
5HT
NE
DA - Elevated 5HT levels have been found in _____% of people with autism.
- 40%
- The rate of Autistic DO is ___ times higher in siblings.
- 50 to 100
- What are the 4 dxic criteria for ADHD?
-
1) Onset of sxs prior to age 7
2) Persistence of sxs for at least 6 months
3) Some deg of impairment in at lest 2 settings
4) Presence of at least 6 characteristic sxs of inattn or hyperactivity-impulsivity - What does ADHD combined type require?
- 6 or more symptoms of inattention AND 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
- What proportion of ADHD children have academic difficulties?
- Nearly all
- What % of those with ADHD have reading or other learning disabilities?
- 25 to 30%
- What proportion of those with ADHD have probs related to social adjmt?
- Most
- ADHD is ______ times more common in boys than girls.
- 2 to 9
- A more equal gender ratio is found among ADHD people with which type of ADHD?
- Predominantly Inattentive Type
- The rates of ADHD in adult males and females is _____
- Equal
- What % of children continue to have symptoms of ADHD as adults?
- Up to 60%
- Etiology of ADHD? Name 3.
-
1) genetic component
2) brain abnormalities
3) Behavioral disinhibition hypothesis - Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and other CNS stimulants have beneficial effects on ADHD's core sxs in about ____% of cases.
- 75%
- Motor and vocal tics and other movement abnormalities have been observed in _____% of hyperactive children taking stimulant drugs compared to ____% of children taking a placebo.
- 30 to 70%; 20%
- The dx of Conduct DO requires how many symptoms over the course of what time?
- The presence of at least 3 characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months.
- Childhood-Onset Type of Conduct DO is dxed at what age?
- Prior to age 10
- Adolescent-Onset Type of Conduct DO is dxed at what age?
- 10 or later
- What is a common co-diagnosis of ADHD?
- Conduct DO
- What are common co-diagnoses of Conduct DO?
-
ADHD
Learning DO
Anxiety DO
Mood DO - What is a common precursor to Childhood-Onset Type Conduct DO?
- ODD
- The "life-course-persistent" type of Conduct DO is apparent by age ____.
- Age 3
- What are the rates of ODD in males and females?
-
Prior to puberty - more common in males
Thereafter - about equal. - How long must a person with Pica show persistent eating of nonnutritive substances without an aversion to food?
- 1 month
- When is the onset of pica most likely to be?
- Between 12 and 24 months.
- Pica is frequently associated with ____.
- MR
- Pica is sometimes found in what population?
- Pregnant women.
- What is the essential feature of Tourette's DO?
- Presence of at least 1 vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at diff times.
- What age must tics appear for dx of Tourette's?
- Prior to age 18
- What is the most common associated sx of Tourette's DO?
- Obsessions and compulsions.
- What are other associated probs in those with Tourette's?
- Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility.
- Antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol and pimozide) are effective in ____% of cases of Tourette's.
- 80%
- What is the essential feature of enuresis?
- Repeated voiding of urine during the day or night into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for 3 or more months.
- At what age is enuresis diagnosed?
- When indiv has reached expected dvptal level or age when continence is expected and not due to GMC or use of substance (usually 5).
- What is the essential feature of encopresis?
- Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places.
- At what age is encopresis diagnosed?
- Child must be chronological (or mental) age of at least 4 years.
- The night alarm has been found effective for enuresis in ____% of cases.
- 80%
- What proportion of children exhibit some degree of relapse w/in 6 months of initial tx for enuresis?
- 1/3
- Imipramine reduces wetting frequency in ____% of enuresis cases.
- 85%
- Imipramine suppresses wetting entirely in ____% of cases of enuresis.
- 30%
- What proportion of enuretic children relapse within 3 months after discontinuing Imipramine?
- Most children.
- Separation Anxiety DO's disturbance must last how long?
- At least 4 weeks.
- When is onset of symptoms of Separation Anxiety DO?
- Before age 18.
- How many characteristic behaviors must be present in Separation Anxiety DO?
- 3
- What ages does school refusal typically appear?
-
5 to 7 years
11 to 12 years
14 years or older - What is the essential feature of Separation Anxiety DO?
- Dvptally inappropriate, excessive anxiety related to sepn from home or attachmt figures.
- What is the essential feature of Reactive Attachment DO?
- Markedly disturbed and dvptally inapprop. social relatedness in most settings.
- At what age must Reactive Attachment DO begin?
- Prior to age 5
- Diagnosis of Reactive Attachment DO requires evidence of _______.
- Pathogenic care.