Abnormal Psychopathology
Terms
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- Causes: Psychoanalytical Approach
- Unresolved conflicts are repressed into the unconscious via defence mechanisms such as denial, displacement and repression
- Causes: Humanistic Approach
- Maladjustments results when self-actualisation not reached as persons own experience, emotions, needs may be blocked or other.
- Causes: Cognitive Approach
- Maladaptive behaviour results from irrational thoughts (Ellis) and latent core negative beliefs (Beck)
- Treatment: Biological
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-Drug therapies
-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
-Psychosurgery - Treatment: Psychoanalytic
- Aim: Reduce defenses and gain insight into hidden intrapsychic conflicts using therapy, free association and transference
- Treatment: Humanistic
- Aim: Eliminate unrealistic conditions of worth and allow self actualisation using client-centred therapy with empathetic understanding, unconditional positive regard and congruence/integration
- Treatment: Behaviour
- Aim: change overt maladaptive behaviour using systematic desensitization, flooding, graded exposure, operant conditioning and social learning
- Treatment: Cognitive
- Aim: change overt behaviour using ABC framework and Cognitive restructuring
- Positive Symptoms
- More active manifestations of abnormal behaviour or an excess of normal behaviour
- Negative Symptoms
- The absence or insufficiency of normal behaviour and include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, apathy and poverty of thought and speech
- Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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-Hallucinations: experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment
-Delusion: misrepresentation of reality - Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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-Avolition: inability to initiate and persist in activities; apathy
-Alogia: relative absence in the amount of content of speech
- Flat affect: difficulty expressing emotions
-Anhedonia: inability to experience pleasure - DSM Schizophrenia Subtypes
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-Paranoid
-Disorganised
-Catatonic - Paranoid Schizophrenia
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-mainly positive symptoms
-cognitive skills, affect relatively intact
-do not have disorganised speech or flat affect
-relatively positive prognosis - Disorganised Schizophrenia
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-Flat or inappropriate affect
-Show signs of difficulty early and problems are often chronic
- Catatonic Schizophrenia
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-remain in a fixed position for a length of time
-often display odd mannerisms with their bodies and faces (e.g grimacing)
-often repeat or mimc the words of others (echolalia) or movements (echopraxia)
-cluster of these behaviours are rare - Statistics of Schizophrenia
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Males 16-25
0.2-2% of population
Genrally chronic - Biological Causes of Schizo.
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-large genetic component
- neurochemical hypothesis; excess dopamine
- neuranatomical hypothesis such as structural abnormalities e.g enlarged ventricles - Psychological Causes of Schiz.
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-major stressful life events
-early family instability
-expressed emotion e.g of family - Biological Treatment of Schiz.
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-Drug Treatment: Neuroleptics
-Psychosurgery
-ECT - Psychological Treatment of Schiz
- -symptom managment
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Alternations between full manic episodes and depressive episodes
- Bipolar II Disorder
- - Alternations between hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes. Average age 22 years
- SSRIs
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Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitos
-e.g Prozac
-blocks reuptake of serotonin - Lithium
- Primary drug for bipolar disorders