Basal Ganglia 2
Terms
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- Five (or seven) primary components of the basal ganglia?
- 1. Caudate, 2. putamen, 3.globus pallidus, 4.subthalamic nucleus, 5.substantia nigra, 6.(nucleus accumbens), and 7.(ventral pallidum)
- Components of striatum
- caudate + putamen
- Input nuclei of the basal ganglia
- caudate and putamen (aka striatum)
- Components of the lenticular/lentiform nucleus
- globus pallidus and putamen
- What is the primary blood supply to the basal ganglia?
- Middle cerebral artery via lenticulostriate branches
- Anatomically, caudate and putamen are always _______ to the internal capsule while lentiform nuclei are _____ to the internal capsule.
- medial, lateral
- What are the four functional parallel pathways within the basal ganglia?
-
1. Eye movements
2. Cognitive functions
3. Emotional functions
4. General motor control - The most important input nucleus for motor control pathways is the _____
- putamen
- Inputs to the basal ganglia are ______ (inhibitory vs excitatory) and utilize ______ as the primary neurotransmitter.
- Inputs to the basal ganglia are excitatory and utilize glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter.
- Cerebral cortex is a primary __________(input to/output of) the basal ganglia.
- Cerebral cortex is a primary INPUT to the basal ganglia.
- The most important input nucleus of the basal ganglia is the _______.
- The most important input nucleus of the basal ganglia is the PUTAMEN.
- Are most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia excitatory or inhibitory?
- Most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia are excitatory.
- Other, non-cortical input to the basal ganglia include:
-
1. Striosomes
2. Thalamic nuclei (intralaminar)
3. Brainstem raphe nuclei with serotonergic input - Cortical inputs to the striatum use which neurostransmitter?
- Cortical inputs to the striatum are excitatory and use glutamte.
- Output nuclei for the basal ganglia
- Globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticulata
- Basal ganglia output pathways are _________
- Basal ganglia output pathways are INHIBITORY
- Basal ganglia output pathways use which neurotransmitter?
- GABA
- Primary thalamic nuclei targeted for basal ganglia output
- Ventral lateral & ventral anterior
- Basic output pathway for basal ganglia
- Basal ganglia-thalamus (VA & VL nuclei)- frontal lobe
-
Basal ganglia output and body parts:
Substantia nigra output responsible for ___________
Globus pallidus responsible for ____________ -
Substantia nigra = head and neck
Globus pallidus = rest of body - Secondary basal ganglia output targets to thalamus
-
Intralaminar nuclei
Mediodorsal nucleus - Direct pathway of basal ganglia
- Striatum-globus pallidus internal or substantia nigra
- Indirect pathway of basal ganglia
-
Striatum- globus pallidus external - subthalamic nucleus - globus pallidus internal or
substantia nigra - Net effect of direct pathway of the basal ganglia is __________ while the indirect pathway has a ____________ effect
-
Direct: excitatory
Indirect: inhibitory - Primary neurotransmitter for direct and indirect BG pathways
- GABA
- Loss of dopamine in Parkinson’s leads to a net ________ effect of the thalamus
- Loss of dopamine in Parkinson’s leads to a net INHIBITORY effect of the thalamus
- Dopamine _______________ neurons of the direct pathway and _______________ the indirect pathway, with a new effect of _________________ on thalamus.
- Dopamine EXCITES neurons of the direct pathway and INHIBITS the indirect pathway, with a new effect of EXCITATION on thalamus.
- Typical cause of hemiballismus
- Subthalamic nucleus damage (reduced inhibition of thalamus)
- Contents of motor channel of basal ganglia
- Cortex-putamen-Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata- thalamus (VL, VA)-motor cortices
- Contents of oculomotor channel of basal ganglia
- PL, preFL - caudate - Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata - thalamus (VA, MD)-frontal eye fields, supp eye fields
- Contents of prefrontal channel of basal ganglia
- PL, premotor cortex - caudate - Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata - thalamus (VA, MD)- prefrontal cortex
- Contents of limbic channel of basal ganglia
- TL, hippocampus, amygdale-Nuc Accumbens, Caudaute, Putamen- ventral pallidum, Globus Pallidus internal, subst nigra reticulata, - thalamus (MD, VA)-anterior cingulate, orbital FL
- Aspect of eye movement controlled by basal ganglia
- Mediation of eye movements