Biology
Terms
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- diffusion of water through a membrane
- osmosis
- unlike DNA, RNA has
- uracil (U)
- theory
- hypthesis that has withstood tests, not proven wrong
- sex linked traits are located on the
- X or Y chromosome
- where does photosynthesis store food
- as glucose
- metaphase (mitosis)
- nuclear membrane is gone, chromosomes lin up along the center of cell, spindle fibers from centriols attach to chromosomes centromeres
- wast product of photosynthesis
- oxygen
- isotonic
- equal concentration inside and out (stays the same)
- DNA (eukaryotes) is found in
- the nucleus
- granom
- stack of thylakoid (where ADP+P becomes ATP)
- nucleotide is made of...
- (monomer of DNA) sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
- starting molecule for glycolosis
- glucose
- diploid#= 12 then haploid #=
- 6
- crossing over
- segments of nonsister chromotids break and reattach to the other chroatid
- law
- simple statements that explains how nature works
- telephase (mitosis)
- nuclear membrane reforms, cells bing pinching off
- color not absorbed well by plants
- green
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- (plants and animals) contains enzymes that perform specialized tasks- membrane synthesis and detoxification of drugs
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ribosomes
- (plants and animals) membrane construction and builds proteins
- what does arobic mean
- requires oxygen
- how many chromosomes in humans
- 46 (23 pairs) 2n
- cytoplasm
- (plants, animals, bacteria) material inside the cell membrane not including the nucleus and organelles
- thylakoid
- membrane disk (photosynthesis)
- RNA
- codes for specific ameno acid, single stranded, ridbose, uracil instead of thymine
- what causes cancer
- uncontrolled cell growth
- heterotrophs get their energy from
- their food
- organelle for respriation
- mitochondria
- stroma
- region outside the thylakoid membrane
- true breading- tall w/short and all were tall
- tall is dominant
- how many sperm have X chromosome
- 50%
- chloroplast
- (plant, bacteria) organelle that captures the energy from the sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
- purines
- adenine (A) and guanine (G) double rings- 5 sided and 6 sided
- point of attachment for sister chromitids
- centromere
- structures that carry out cell movement
- flagellan (microtubiles) and cyllia
- DNA (prokaryotes) is found in
- the cytoplasm
- DNA replication is in
- S phase
- cellular respiration equation (^= subscript)
- C^6H^12O^6+6O^2------6CO^2+6H^2O+energy
- mitochondria
- (plants, animal) cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convient for the cell to use "POWERHOUSE"
- oogenesis
- the replication of eggs- ending in one egg and 3 polar bodies, each having half as many chromosomes as the parent- (1n)
- diffusion
- particles go from high to low concentration
- centrioles
- (animals) located near the nucleus, helps organize chromosomes during cell material by seperating chromosomes
- Genes contain instructions for
- making proteins
- point mutation
- 2 adjeacent bases pairs swap positions-doesn't have to be in same codon
- 2 or more elements combined
- compound
- Punnent square shows everything but
- actual results
- covalent bond
- share electrons (metal-metal)
- light dependent
- requires light energy to work
- light independent
- does not use light energy
- lysosomes
- (plants and animals) cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in a cell
- hypotonic
- concentraion of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside (cell expands)
- elctron carrier in respiration
- NADH+ and FADH^2
- 3 differences between plant and animal cells
- 1-mitosis cell plate forms (plants) 2- not centrioles (plants) 3-bigger vacuoles (plant), chloroplast (plant)
- Principle of dominance
- some alleles are dominant some are recessive
- F2 generation tall vs. short
- tall = 75% short=25%
- 3 laws of the cell theory
- 1-all living things are made of cells, 2- cells are the building blocks of all life, 3- all cells come from other cells
- density
- the amount of mass compared to volume
- mRNA
- messanger RNA
- DNA complimentary strand CTAGGT
- GATCCA
- microtubules
- (plants, animals, bacteria) hollow structures made of proteins, plays a roll in mainting cell shape also helps seperate chromosomes in mitosis
- what happens to the ATP when it looses energy
- becomes ADP (loses a phosphate group)
- principle of segregation
- 2 factors for segragation segragate or seperate, during formation of eggs and sperm
- respiration
- takes place in mitochondria (opposite of photosynthesis) lets out energy
- Mitosis (PMAT)
- nuclear division of all cells except sex cells
- proteins
- the building blocks of cells; also the enzymes which speed up all the chemical reactions in your body
- 2 identical alleles
- homozygous
- Chemical factors that determine traits
- genes
- what makes up an atom (the inside)
- neutrons and protons
- anaphase (mitosis)
- chromosomes split at centromere (now there are double amount of chromosomes
- spermatiogenesis
- the replication of sperms-ending in 4 identical sperms that each have half the # of chromosomes the parent had (end up with 1n)
- ribosomes
- (plants, animals, bacteria) small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
- if an atom contains 11 nuetrons and protons
- the atomic # is 11
- frame shift mutation
- addition of deletion of a base causing a shift in translation
- principle of independent assortment
- factors for different traits are not connected, they are distributed to reproductive cells independently
- isotopes
- odd # of nuetrons
- Gregore Mendel concluded that traits are
- inherited
- nucleolus
- (plants, animals) small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begin
- What phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in center of cell
- metaphase
- golgi apparatus
- (plants and animals) function is to modify, sort and package proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell
- cell membrane
- (plants, animals, bacterias) thin flixible barrier around cell that controls what goes in and out of cell
- gametes are produced in
- miosis
- a man has A blood type and a woman has B blood type their child could have
- type A, B, AB, or O
- chiasmata
- the sites of crossing over
- the function of a cytoskeleton
- keeps cell's shape
- cell wall
- (plants, some bacteria) strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
- interphase=
- G1-cell growth, S phase-DNA replication, G2- organelles duplicate
- groups of cells that perform specific function
- tissue
- microfilaments
- (plants, animals, bacteria) threadlike structures made of protein that form a frame around cell, help it to move
- cytokinesis
- 2 identical daughter cells
- cells havging different jobs in an organism
- cell specialization
- ionic
- donating/excepting valence electrons (metal-nonmetal)
- histon
- protein in chromosomes
- nucleus
- (plant, animals) the center of the atom which contains the proteins and neutrons; in cells the structure that contains DNA and controls cell activities
- light absorbing molecules
- pigments
- informalities in the chromosomes
- extras or some missing
- how many codons are needed to code 3 amino acid
- 3
- hypothesis
- a possible, testable solution to a problem
- biological levels (largest to smallest)
- molecule, cells, groups of cells-tissue, organs, organ system
- # of chromosomes in gamete represented by
- n (which = 23)
- prokaryotes are all...
- bacteria
- waste product of calvin cycle
- glucose
- 2 reasons cell divides
- DNA overload, movement of materials in and out of cell
- Meiosis
- the splitting of sex cells (sperm and egg) 2 parts- meiosis I and II
- hypertonic
- concentration of solutes in greater outside the cell than inside (cell shrinks)
- prophase (mitosis)
- chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell, sister chromatids are joined at the centromeres
- photosynthesis
- the process of taking in the sun's energy to create food for plants
- 8 Characteristics of a Living Thing
- 1-made of cells,2-reproduce,3-use energy,4-mantain homeostasis, 5-adapt to environment, 6-have DNA, 7-respond to stimuli, 8-grow
- F1 self pollinates what do you end up with
- some of both tall and short
- vacuole
- (plant and animal)= cell organelle that stores materials such as mater,salts, proteins, and carbs
- spontaneus
- non-living things that produce living things
- photosynthesis equation (^= subscript)
- 6CO^2+6H^2O------C^6H^12O^6+6O^2
- during normal mitotic (mitosis) cell division, if parent having 4 chromosomes then daughter as
- 4 chromosomes (exact copy)
- homologous chromosomes
- aka: tetrads- carry genes controlling same inheritance traits, each position of a particular trait is the same on the homologous chromosome