PPE 3004 Chapter 13
Terms
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- We are influenced by... (5 things)
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Family
Peers
Social institutions
Cultural traditions
Class - the evaluation of others from one’s own point of view
- ethnocentrism
- Emic vs. Etic
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Emic- an emic-aproach is culture-specific
Etic- an etic-approach is cross-cultural - Emic vs etic approaches...
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Emic- tries to understand ONE culture on its own terms
Etic- tries to find generalities among several cultures. - individualism vs. collectivism
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Individualistic
Typical of Western societies
Strive to distinguish self as individual
Focus on the individual
Emphasize independence
Collectivist
Typical of Eastern societies
Focus on fundamental relatedness of all individuals
Focus on the group
Emphasize interdependence - The American dilemna
- The paradoxical idea that slavery was allowed and endorsed despite the claim that the United States was founded on the principle that all men are created equal
- the phenomenon that the higher a person’s SES, the lower that person’s risk of getting sick and dying prematurely
- SES Gradient
- common features among all known languages
- linguistic universals
- each individual’s own unique version of her/his native language
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idiolect
-The idiolect is a form of self-expression and so a part of personality - regional variations in vocabulary and syntactic forms
- Dialect
- What is the difference between dialect and language?
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1. National identity
Spanish and Portuguese are similar languages but Spaniards are not Portuguese
2. Historical relationships
We say we speak English but Britons would say we speak American - our interpretation of the world is largely dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it
- Linguistic relativity
- Biculturalism: Two personalities?
- Research has begun to support the idea that bilingual people have two “personalities†and behave in line with the language they are speaking at the time
- Tests not dependent on culture
- Culture-free
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Attempt to control for or rule out effects that result from culture rather than individual differences
A test may see how quickly individuals respond to presentation of a stimulus such as a sound or picture - Culture-fair test
- the threat that others’ judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them (and will lead to inadvertent confirmation of the stereotype)
- Stereotype threat