NAVEDTRA 14295, HOSPITAL CORPSMAN; CHAP 1
Terms
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- When the body is in the anatomical position, the thumbs point
- laterally
- A person lying on his/her back is in what position?
- supine
- The physical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat is called
- digestion
- The transfer of fluids across the plasma membrane of a cell from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is a process known as
- diffusion
- Homeostasis is define as
- self-regulated control of the body's internal environment
- The portion of a cell containing all the genetic material important in the cell reporduction is called the
- nucleus
- Which of the following are the two most prominent mineral elements of bone?
- phosphorous and calcium
- The bones of the wrist are classified as which of the following bones
- short
- The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the
- upper and lower extremities
- Study of body structures and the relation to one part to another
- anatomy
- The study of the processes and functions of the body tissue and organs. Study of how the body works.
- physiology
- Study of the development of the body from a fertalized egg, or ovum
- embryology
- Divides the body into right and left halves on its vertical axis.
- median or midsagittal plane
- This plane passes through the sagittal suture of the cranium; therefore, any plane parallel to it is called __________.
- sagittal plane
- Divide the body into anterior(front) and posterior(rear) sections.
- Frontal planes or coronal planes
- Divide the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) sections.
- Horizontal or transverse plane
- Standard body position. Assumed when the body stands erect with the arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward
- anatomical position
- Toward the front, or ventral(pertaining to the belly; abdomen), side of the body.
- anterior or ventral
- Toward the back, or rear, side of the body
- posterior or dorsal
- Near or toward the midline of the body
- medial
- Farther away from the midline of the body
- lateral
- Nearer the point of origin
- proximal
- Away from the point of origin
- distal
- Toward the lower end of the body
- caudal
- Lying position of the body on either side
- lateral recumbent
- The outward part of surface of a structure
- peripheral
- Involves the physical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat into its simplest forms
- digestion
- Is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.
- metabolism
- Is the body's self-regulated control of its internal environment. Allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equilibrium.
- homeostasis
- Viscid, jellylike substance, upon which depend all the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability and movement of a cell.
- protoplasm
- Controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means.
- plasma membrane
- Gases and solids pass through the plasma membrane by a process known as ________.
- diffusion
- Is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell.
- nucleus
- Substance contained in the nucleus
- nucleoplasm
- Genetic information for the cell is stored here.
- nucleus
- Every human cell contains ______ chromosomes
- 46
- Is a gelatinous substance and is composed of all of the cell protoplasm
- cytoplasm
- Are groups of specialized cells similar in structure and function
- tissues
- Tissues are classified into 4 main groups:
- epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
- The lining tissue of the body.
- epithelium or epithelial tissue
- Epithelial tissues that are composed of single layers of cells are called ________ while cells with many layers are said to be _________.
- simple, stratified
- 3 categories of epithelial tissue:
- columnar, squamous, and cuboidal
- Nuclei are located at about the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells. Chief function of this epithelial tissue is the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods.
- columnar epithelial tissue
- Thin platelike or scalelike cells forming a mosaic pattern. Is the main protective tissue of the body.
- squamous epithelial tissue
- Are cubical in shape and are found in the more highly specialized organs of the body, such as the ovary and the kidney. In the kidney, functions in the secretion and absorption of fluids.
- cuboidal epithelial tissue
- Supporting tissue of the various structures of the body. Most widespred tissue of the body and is highly vascular.
- connective tissue
- Consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength. Its chief function is to bind parts of the body together. Found between muscles and as an outside covering for blood vessels a
- areolar connective tissue
- Is "fatty tissue." First appears star-shaped. Acts as a reservoir for energy-producing foods; helps to reduce body heat loss.
- adipose connective tissue
- Known as "bone tissue," is a dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones. Forms the supporting framework of the body.
- osseous connective tissue
- 3 Predominant types of connective tissue
- areolar, adipose, and osseous
- 3 Types of Muscle tissue
- skeletal, smooth and cardiac
- Is striated, or striped and is under the control of the individual's will.
- skeletal or voluntary muscles
- Are smooth, or nonstriated, and are not under the control of the individual's will. Is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder.
- smooth or involuntary muscles
- Are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells. Are involuntary muscles and are located only in the heart.
- cardiac muscle tissue
- Is the most complex tissue in the body. It is the substance of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Reguires more oxygen and nutrients than any other body tissue.
- nerve tissue
- The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the ________.
- neuron
- Two or more kinds of tissues groupted together and performing specialized functions constitute an ______.
- organ
- Organs are grouped together to form ____________.
- systems.
- The skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of ________ bones.
- 206
- Is the study of the structure of bone.
- osteology
- Bone is made up of inorganic mineral _____ and an organic substance called _______.
- salt, ossein
- Bones consists of a hard outer shell called __________ and an inner spongy, porous portion, called __________.
- compact bone, cancellous tissue
- In the center of the bone is the ___________, which contains __________.
- medullary canal, marrow
- Two types of marrow:
- red, yellow
- Is one of the manufacturing centers of red blood cells and is found in the articular ends of long bones and in cancellous tissue.
- red marrow
- At the ends of the long bones is a smooth, glossy tissue that forms the joint surfaces called _________.
- articular cartilage
- The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone is called the ___________.
- periosteum
- Is the pain center of the bone?
- periosteum
- 4 Classifications of bones
- long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
- 2 main divisions of the human skeleton
- axial and appendicular skeleton
- ________ skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column and the thorax.
- axial
- The skull consists of ____ bones.
- 28
- All skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position. The seams where they join are known as _________.
- sutures
- The spinal column is divided into 5 regions:
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
- The first set of ribs are attached to the ____________.
- manubrium
- The first seven pairs of ribs are called _________.
- true ribs
- The remaining five pairs of ribs are called __________.
- false ribs
- The last two rib pairs, also known as ___________.
- floating ribs
- The ___________, located at the inferior aspect of the sternum, serves as a landmark in the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
- xiphoid process
- The __________ commonly called the collar bone, lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S.
- clavicle
- The _______ is a triangular bone that lies in the upper part of the back on both sides, between the second and seventh ribs, forming the posterior portion of the pectoral girdle.
- scapula
- Is the longest bone of the upper extremity and is often called the arm bone.
- humerus
- The ___________ bone, commmonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone.
- innominate
- Innominate or hip bone is composed of three parts:
- ilium,ischium,pubic
- Ilium,ischium and pubis in children are separate bones, but in adults they are firmly united to form a cuplike structure called _________.
- acetabulum
- Is the longest bone in the body.
- femur or thigh bone
- Two processes called the ________ and _______ are at the proximal end for the attachment of muscles.
- greater and lesser trochanters
- Is a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint.
- patella
- Is the larger of the two leg bones and lies at the medial side.
- tibia, or shin bone
- The smaller of the two leg bones, is located on the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia.
- fibula
- Joint classifications are:
- Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable